# Risk Code Hub — Changelog

## v5.1 — May 2026

**17 hubs built in parallel batch — 34→51 hubs complete**

New hubs (all 9 modules each):
- Employers Liability – UK (W3) — `employers-liability-uk/`
- Workers Compensation – USA (W5, W6) — `workers-comp-us/`
- Engineering & Construction (CB, CC) — `engineering/`
- Motor – International (MF, MG, MH, MI, MP) — `motor-international/`
- Yachts (O) — `yachts/`
- Workers Comp – International (W4) — `workers-comp-international/`
- Medical Malpractice & Healthcare (GH, GM, GN, GO, GQ, GT) — `medical-malpractice/`
- Temporary Life & Permanent Health (TL) — `temp-life-health/`
- Terrorism & Political Violence (TO, TU, TW, RS, RW, WL) — `terrorism-political-violence/`
- Event Cancellation & Contingency (PC, PA, PN, PU, PZ) — `event-cancellation/`
- Livestock & Bloodstock (NB, NX) — `livestock-bloodstock/`
- Fine Art, Specie & Jewellery (FA, GS, JB, CT) — `fine-art-specie/`
- Nuclear (NP, NL, NV) — `nuclear/`
- Film & Entertainment (PF) — `film-entertainment/`
- Legal Expenses (LE) — `legal-expenses/`
- Difference in Conditions (DC) — `dic/`
- Aviation War & Confiscation (RX) — `aviation-war/`

Index files updated: hub-index.json, index.html HUB_DATA, build-tracker.html

## v4.4 — May 2026
**Session: 15 May 2026**
- Crime / Fidelity Commercial hub complete (Lloyd's code BC) — full 9-module hub at `crime-commercial/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (inline `<sup>[N]</sup>` markers; [L1]–[L9] legal/statutory, [I1]–[I10] industry sources; VERIFIED/ESTIMATE/LEGAL/INDUSTRY badge legend on references.html)
- Crime Commercial colour theme: `--hub-primary:#1a5c2a`, `--hub-dark:#0b2e14`, `--hub-light:#edf7f0`, `--hub-accent:#c8a84b`, `--hub-secondary:#1565c0`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#0b2e14 0%,#1a5c2a 55%,#2e7d32 100%)`; `--header-sub:#a5d6a7` (forest green — distinct from Crime/FI deep crimson #7b1e1e)
- Code coverage: BC (commercial crime for corporate/non-FI entities — employee dishonesty, forgery/alteration, computer fraud, EFT/funds transfer fraud, social engineering/BEC, money & securities, ERISA fidelity bond)
- Key distinction from BB: BC covers corporates/retailers/manufacturers/government; BB covers financial institutions. BC does not cover investment trading losses, credit risk or market risk
- Key content: BC vs BB code comparison table; 6 coverage taxonomy cards (employee dishonesty, forgery/alteration, computer/EFT fraud, social engineering/BEC, money & securities, ERISA fidelity bond); regulatory classification info box; BEC/voluntary parting coverage gap warning; 8 module navigation cards; 6 market stats ($4–5bn est. GWP, 5% revenues avg theft loss, $117k median BEC loss IC3 2023, 18-month avg detection delay, $1.7bn BEC losses to US businesses, 42% frauds detected by tip-off)
- History: 5 era blocks (Pre-1900 Guarantee Society/surety origins, 1900–1945 blanket bonds/GFC fraud, 1945–1980 EDP/computer crime/ISO standardisation, 1980–2000 EFT/RICO/internet precursor, 2000–2015 Sarbanes-Oxley/ACFE/BEC emergence, 2015–present BEC dominance/deepfake/Lloyd's BC); Lloyd's BC market callout; 10 milestone cards (1840, 1896, 1929, 1974, 1986, 2002 SOX, 2002 ACFE, 2013 BEC, 2018 Medidata, 2024 Arup deepfake)
- Timeline: 20 events 1974–2024 with 6 filter types (BEC/SE orange, internal/employee green, regulatory red, legal/coverage blue, market structural purple, technology shift teal); key events include ERISA 1974, Sarbanes-Oxley 2002, BEC emergence 2013, Ubiquiti $46.7m 2015, Medidata v Federal 2018, Apache v OneBeacon 2016, American Tooling v Travelers 2019, Arup deepfake 2024, ECCTA 2023
- Database: 35 crime events 1987–2024 with JS filtering by type (bec/internal/forgery/eftraud/payroll/vendor/deepfake/money), sector (retail/mfg/tech/govt/prof/health/constr/npo), year range, min value, search; notable: Phar-Mor $1bn, Parmalat €14bn, Olympus $1.7bn, ZZZZ Best $100m, Ubiquiti $46.7m, FACC €42m, Facebook/Google $100m forgery, Toyota Boshoku $37m, Arup $25m deepfake, Wirecard €1.9bn; severity filter: CAT/MAJ/MOD/MIN
- Underwriting: 12 rating factor cards (4 high-impact: industry/business type 0.6×–3.0×, revenues/employee count, internal controls quality −20 to −35% SOX credit, 3–5yr claims history; 4 medium: limit ILF, SE sublimit full-limit +15–30%, geographic scope +15–40%, discovery period; 4 lower: external audit, whistleblower, background screening, IT security/DMARC); loss ratio benchmark table 8 segments (SME retail 45–65%, mid-market 35–55%, large corporate 30–50%, manufacturing 40–60%, prof services 35–55%, government 50–70%, healthcare 55–75%, non-profit 60–80%); premium formula (revenue × base rate × industry hazard × employee count × controls × claims loading × ILF × deductible × geographic × SE endorsement); Worked Example A (UK retailer £85m rev, £58,500 GWP, 52% LR, 11.0% UW profit margin); Worked Example B (global manufacturer £450m rev, £242k GWP full-limit SE, 38% LR, 30.0% UW profit margin); 8-row exclusions table; BEC voluntary parting coverage gap warning
- Rates Analysis: Chart.js 4.4.1; Chart 1 line — rate index 2010–2026 (mid-market, SME retail, large corporate, 2010=100); Chart 2 bar — gross LR by 8 segments; 7-phase market cycle 2000–2024+ (soft 2000–07, GFC 2008–09, softening 2010–14, BEC emergence 2015–17, hardening 2018–19, hard market 2020–22, selective stabilisation 2023–24+); ROE scenarios (Bull +18.4% CR 74%, Base +9.1% CR 88%, Bear −8.6% CR 116%); P&L waterfall (GWP £50m → commission £11.5m → RI £5m → NEP £33.5m → claims £17.5m → IBNR £1.5m → expenses £6m + investment £1.1m = £9.6m profit 9.1% ROE); IBNR/subrogation table (5 factors: long discovery delay, large single-loss tail, AI deepfake uncertainty, subrogation upside, discovery period tail)
- Risk Mitigation: 10 control cards PREVENT (segregation of duties −15–25%, dual auth payments −10–20%, mandatory annual leave −5–10%, supplier verification −15–30%, DMARC email security −10–15%, background screening −5–8%) / DETECT (anonymous whistleblower hotline, payroll audit ghost detection, AP vendor master controls, transaction monitoring/Benford's law); 8-item BEC verification checklist (callback procedure, domain spoofing check, dual auth threshold, AI deepfake out-of-band verification); programme quality scoring matrix (6 areas: payment auth/BEC email security/employee controls/vendor AP/detection/governance × Green/Amber/Red); AI deepfake warning (Arup 2024, wording review guidance); ECCTA 2023 failure to prevent fraud warning; 7 top actions for insureds
- Global Programme: 6-layer programme tower (aggregate/XL RI → Lloyd's global master excess → primary admitted master → local admitted policies → ERISA bond US → SIR/deductible); master+local admitted vs Lloyd's DIC/DIL comparison table (7 rows); 6 jurisdiction profiles (UK ECCTA/Insurance Act 2015, USA ISO CR00 21/ERISA/circuit split, EU member state variation/Brexit, Australia APRA-admitted, Japan FSA/long-running fraud risk, Emerging Markets fronting structure); GlobalMfg International case study (£1.2bn rev, 18 countries, $3.8m BEC trigger, restructure to Lloyd's global master + local admitted + ERISA bond, £485k GWP new vs £310k fragmented prior, est. 82% CR); Lloyd's BC market callout; ERISA compliance alert
- References: [L1]–[L9] legal/statutory (Guarantee Society 1840, ISO CR 00 21, SOX 2002, ERISA §412, ECCTA 2023, Insurance Act 2015, Medidata 2d Cir. 2018, American Tooling 6th Cir. 2019, Apache 5th Cir. 2016); [I1]–[I10] industry (CBB history, EDP crime 1970s, EFT fraud 1980s, ACFE 2024 Report, FBI IC3 2023, BEC circuit split analysis, Arup deepfake 2024, Lloyd's LMA publications, CISA/NCSC email security, FinCEN BEC SAR analysis)
- Version v4.4: 34 hubs complete
- Next hub: TBD (Workers Comp USA W5/W6, Employers Liability UK W3, or Engineering CB/CC)

## v4.3 — May 2026
**Session: 14 May 2026**
- Extended Warranty hub complete (Lloyd's code WA) — full 9-module hub at `extended-warranty/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (inline `<sup>[N]</sup>` markers; [L1]–[L9] legal sources, [I1]–[I10] industry sources; VERIFIED/ESTIMATE/LEGAL/INDUSTRY badge legend on references.html)
- Extended Warranty colour theme: `--hub-primary:#8c4a15`, `--hub-dark:#5c2f0c`, `--hub-light:#fdf0e6`, `--hub-accent:#c8a84b`, `--hub-secondary:#b06020`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#3d1c05 0%,#8c4a15 55%,#b06020 100%)`; `--header-sub:#e8c8a0` (copper/amber — warm earthy tone distinguishing from all existing hubs)
- Code coverage: WA (extended warranty insurance — obligor model CLIP backstop, direct insurance model; consumer electronics, white goods, motor MBI, EV batteries, home warranty)
- Key content: WA code card; 6 market stats (~$130bn total market, ~$15bn insurance-backed GWP, 6–8% CAGR, 55% North America share, 3–5yr typical term, 40–60% margin estimate); 6 business model cards (obligor-CLIP, direct insurer, MGA-TPA, retailer co-brand, OEM embedded, subscription-based); 6 coverage taxonomy cards (consumer electronics, white goods, motor MBI, EV battery, home warranty, commercial extended cover); regulatory classification info box; 8 module navigation cards
- History: 5 era blocks (1900–1960 origins/appliance dealers, 1960–1980 auto dealers F&I, 1980–1995 consumer electronics/retail, 1995–2010 internet/mass market, 2010–present digital/EV/Right to Repair); Lloyd's WA market context; 10 milestone cards 1975–2024 (Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act 1975, UK OFT review 1984, digital gaming 1990s, UK Competition Commission 2003, EW Order 2005, iPhone launch 2007, AppleCare+ 2011, LG refrigerator class action 2014, Allstate/SquareTrade $1.4bn 2017, EU Right to Repair 2024)
- Timeline: 20 events 1975–2024 with 6 filter types (regulatory red, mass claim purple, market structural green, legal blue, technology shift amber, fraud dark grey); key events include Xbox 360 RROD 2005, FCA Consumer Duty 2023, EU Right to Repair Directive 2024
- Database: 35 claim events 1998–2024 with full JS filtering by type (defect/fraud/reg/recall/cyber/obsolete/mbi/home), segment (elec/white/mobile/motor/home/gaming), year range, minimum value and free-text search; notable entries: Xbox 360 RROD $150m (2005), iPhone battery settlement $500m (2017), LG refrigerator $198m (2014), COVID parts crisis $200m industry-wide (2021–22)
- Underwriting: 12 rating factor cards (4 high-impact: product category × base rate, manufacturer quality/FMEA, term length severity loading, TPA/repair network quality; 4 medium: consumer excess penetration, geography/parts availability, fraud exposure by segment, reinsurance stop-loss structure; 4 lower: brand tier, coverage breadth, sales channel, new product loading); loss ratio benchmarks table (smartphone M&EB+AD 55–80%, TV/AV 20–35%, motor MBI 5–8yr 50–75%, EV battery 20–40%); premium formula (F×S model); Worked Example A (TechRetail UK — 500k policies, £42.5m GWP, blended 42.3% gross LR → £1.47m underwriting profit, COR 93.2%); Worked Example B (MotorAssure UK — 80k MBI policies, £25.6m GWP, blended 58.9% gross LR → £1.76m underwriting loss, COR 106.8%); key exclusions table (8 rows); EV battery warning callout
- Rates Analysis: Chart.js 4.4.1; Chart 1 line — Loss Ratio Index 2005–2026 (consumer electronics, motor MBI, white goods, 2005=100); Chart 2 bar — gross LR by product segment (8 bars); 8-phase market cycle 1985–2024+; ROE scenarios (Bull +16.4% CR 78%, Base +8.2% CR 92%, Bear −12.8% CR 122%); P&L waterfall (GWP £100m → commission £30m → TPA £13m → overhead £5m → NEP £52m → claims £40m → fraud/obsolescence £4m + investment £2m − reinsurance £2m = £8m profit); IBNR and obsolescence reserve discussion
- Risk Mitigation: 9 control cards with loss ratio impact credits (product quality audit −10–20%, inception diagnostic −10–15%, TPA governance −8–12%, consumer excess −5–8%, repair network −5%+, stop-loss structure, aggregate limit, replacement cap, new product monitoring); 7-item fraud checklist for smartphone AD claims; programme quality scoring matrix (6 areas × Green/Amber/Red); obsolescence risk callout; EV battery protocol warning (SoH diagnostic, max 3-year term, per-battery sublimit, stop-loss required, annual review); 7 top actions for insureds
- Global Programme: 5-layer programme tower (aggregate stop-loss reinsurance → Lloyd's/wholesale layer → primary insurer fronting → administrator retention → retailer/obligor CLIP); quota share vs stop-loss comparison table (7 rows); 6 jurisdiction profiles (UK, US, EU, Australia, Japan, India/Emerging); 6-row special structuring table (global OEM, e-commerce, EV, home warranty, subscription, post-recall); GlobalTech Retail case study (2.1m policies, £185m GWP, 5 territories, £17m programme underwriting profit est. 9.2% ROE); Lloyd's role callout
- References: [L1]–[L9] regulatory/legislative (Magnuson-Moss 1975, EW Order 2005, EU Directive 1999/44, Right to Repair Regulation 2024, FCA Consumer Duty PS23/2, FSMA 2000, ASIC Report 492, ASIC RG 275, UK Competition Commission 2003); [I1]–[I10] industry sources (Warranty Week, Allstate/SquareTrade press release, Grand View Research, Microsoft 10-K, Apple annual reports, LG class action records, Apple battery settlement, EIOPA POG report, FTC enforcement, LMA working paper)
- Version v4.3: 33 hubs complete
- Next hub: TBD (Workers Comp USA W5/W6, Employers Liability UK W3, or Engineering CB/CC)

## v4.2 — May 2026
**Session: 6 May 2026**
- Marine Liability hub complete (Lloyd's codes G/GC/GX) — full 9-module hub at `marine-liability/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges) applied throughout
- Marine Liability colour theme: `--hub-primary:#005a6b`, `--hub-dark:#002d35`, `--hub-light:#e8f5f7`, `--hub-accent:#c8a84b`, `--hub-secondary:#1a5c28`, `--hub-secondary2:#7b1a1a`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#002d35 0%,#005a6b 50%,#006e82 100%)`; `--header-sub:#a8d8e0` (deep teal — distinguishes from marine hull navy #0b3d6b, marine hull war slate, marine cargo mid-blue, while sharing gold accent across all marine hubs)
- Code coverage: G (direct fixed-premium P&I equivalent — collision/RDC, pollution liability, crew injury, cargo liability, SRL, PTOL, freight forwarder, passenger liability); GC (coverholder/binder placements — SRL schemes, PTOL schemes, yacht/small craft marine liability, FF MTO binders); GX (excess and specialist — high-limit layers above IG Pool, OPA 90 VLCC excess, cruise Athens PAL 2002 top-up, Red Sea HOA specialist)
- Key content: G/GC/GX code cards (teal/green/gold borders); 6 market stats (90% world tonnage IG clubs, $3.1bn pool limit, $7–9bn Lloyd's GWP estimate GAP, 13 IG member clubs, $5.5bn Haven total loss benchmark, MLC 2006 mandatory 2013); 6 coverage taxonomy cards (P&I core, collision/RDC, SRL, PTOL, freight forwarder/MTO, specialist/emerging MASS); 8-row P&I clubs vs Lloyd's G comparison table; 6-era history (Pre-1855 RDC gap → 1855–1930 P&I clubs birth → 1930–1967 IMCO/containerisation → 1967–1990 Torrey Canyon/Amoco Cadiz/Exxon Valdez/pollution revolution → 1990–2010 OPA 90/ISM/Erika/Prestige/MLC → 2010–present Costa Concordia/Ever Given/NotPetya/MASS/Houthi Red Sea); 15-row regulatory/convention milestones table (1854–2024); 20-event timeline (1967–2024, 7 filter buttons oil/coll/wreck/cargo/crew/reg/cyber, JS filterTL()); 35-event loss database (7 type filters OIL/COLL/WRECK/CARGO/CREW/PORT/CYBER × 4 severity CAT/MAJ/MOD/MIN, JS applyFilters() + toggle()); P&I fixed premium formula (Fleet GT × Base Rate per GT × Vessel Type Factor × Age Factor × Flag/Class Factor × Trading Area Factor × Claims Loading × Limit Factor × Deductible Credit); SRL formula (MVIY × RoL × Yard Quality Factor × Work Type Factor × Limit Factor × Deductible Credit); 8 rating factor cards (vessel type 0.6× yacht to 2.5× VLCC, flag/class top-tier 1.0× to blacklisted 2.5×+, age <5yr 0.85× to >20yr 1.8–2.5×, trading area worldwide incl. US 1.3×, claims history, crew nationality ITF/STCW, limit ILF, deductible $10–100k); Worked Example A: Hellas Petrocharters 4 product tankers 80,000 GT worldwide US Gulf $500m ~$737,000 p.a.; Worked Example B: Tyne Marine Services SRL MVIY £25m ~£55,000 p.a.; 16-item pre-bind checklist; 8 referral triggers; dark fleet/sanctions warning; 4-era market cycle (2010–2016 soft → 2016–2020 claims emergence → 2020–2022 COVID/Ever Given hard → 2023–2024 selective stabilisation/Red Sea); 12-row rate benchmark table by sub-class (tanker G, bulk/container G, cruise G, SRL GC, PTOL GC, FF GC, yacht GC, GX standard, GX high-limit/tanker, GX Red Sea HOA, GX RI treaty); Bull/Base/Bear ROE (+13.5%, +6.8%, −10.2% for illustrative £200m portfolio); 3 Chart.js charts (rate index 4 sub-lines 2015–2024, combined loss ratio bar, portfolio mix doughnut 9 segments); dark fleet rate distortion warning; long-tail IBNR development warning; 4-section control framework PREVENT (ISM/DOC/SMC, SIRE/CDI/RightShip, class survey, MARPOL SOPEP, STCW, BMP6) / DETECT (PSC THETIS monitoring, AIS/dark vessel, BIMCO COMPIT cyber, ISM near-miss) / RESPOND (FNOL OPA 90 1hr USCG NRC, LLMC limitation filing, salvage LOF/SCOPIC, SOPEP/SMFF pollution response) / RECOVER (subrogation RDC collision, ISM post-incident review, IOPC Fund interface, MLC crew welfare); 11-row regulatory convention table (ISM, STCW, MARPOL, CLC, OPA 90, Bunkers, Nairobi WRC, MLC, Athens PAL, LLMC, MASS); before/during claim guidance (8+8 action steps); OPA 90 strict liability warning; dark fleet sanctions warning LMA3100; 4 programme structure cards (IG P&I full mutual, Lloyd's G fixed premium, club primary + GX excess, GC coverholder schemes); 7-layer coverage tower (club retention → club retained layer → IG pool → Lloyd's G OPA supplement → GX excess 1 → GX excess 2 → GX high-limit pollution); IOPC Fund supplementary fund interface note; 8-row compulsory certificate matrix (CLC, COFR, Bunkers, Nairobi WRC, MLC abandonment, MLC injury/death, Athens, ISM DOC/SMC) × EU/US/other waters; 8-step placement workflow; Adriatica Shipping SRL illustrative case study (6 general cargo vessels 42,000 GT, Greek-managed, club declined 3 vessels, Lloyd's G fixed premium €527,000 p.a. vs club advance + supplementary); DIC/DIL gap warning; LMA3100 sanctions compliance warning; 6 source category cards (IMO/IOPC Fund/ILO/USCG/Paris MOU/Tokyo MOU; IG clubs/Gard/UK/West of England/Steamship/North; Lloyd's/LMA/Lloyd's Register/IUA; BIMCO/Intertanko/ITOPF/ICS/OCIMF; MAIB/NTSB/PACER admiralty/IMO GISIS; RAND/Swiss Re/Munich Re/Marsh/WTW/CAS); 8 landmark cases (Torrey Canyon 1967, Exxon Valdez 1989, M/T Haven 1991, Costa Concordia 2012, NotPetya 2017, Ever Given 2021, Dali/Baltimore 2024, Houthi Red Sea 2024); 20-row confidence audit; 5 data gaps (Lloyd's marine liability GWP by sub-code GAP, dark fleet total uninsured exposure GAP, MASS autonomous vessel liability framework GAP, Lloyd's marine liability sub-class COR GAP, IG supplementary call historical frequency GAP)
- Version v4.2: 32 hubs complete
- Next hub: TBD (Workers Comp USA W5/W6, Employers Liability UK W3, or Engineering CB/CC)

## v4.1 — May 2026
**Session: 6 May 2026**
- General Liability USA hub complete (Lloyd's codes UA/UC/UR/US) — full 9-module hub at `general-liability-usa/`
- 9 modules built: overview (pre-existing), history (pre-existing), timeline (pre-existing), database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges) applied throughout
- GL USA colour theme: `--hub-primary:#7b1a1a`, `--hub-dark:#4a0d0d`, `--hub-light:#fdf0f0`, `--hub-accent:#c8a84b`, `--hub-secondary:#1c2e6b`, `--hub-secondary2:#2e7d32`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#4a0d0d 0%,#7b1a1a 50%,#8b2020 100%)`; `--header-sub:#e8b0a0` (deep crimson/burgundy — US GL "danger" coding distinct from all other hubs)
- Code coverage: UA (primary CGL — ISO CG 00 01 occurrence basis, Coverage A/B/C, PCOH, E&S surplus lines primary); UC (commercial umbrella and excess layers — drop-down provision, nuclear verdict excess, umbrella follow-form); UR (GL reinsurance — treaty XL, facultative excess, social inflation IBNR reserve development); US (surplus lines/E&S direct — declined risks, cannabis, SAM, PFAS manufacturers, NY §240 construction, nuclear verdict high-hazard classes)
- Key content: 4-column code split (UA/UC/UR/US) with colour-coded top borders; 6 market stats ($120bn+ US GL GWP, $4-6bn Lloyd's estimate, E&S 15-20% of US market, 20+ SAM lookback states, $10.3bn 3M PFAS settlement, nuclear verdict >$10m definition); 12-item taxonomy cards (retail/hospitality premises, manufacturing products, construction GC, healthcare, technology, event/entertainment, transportation/fleet, real estate, cannabis/emerging, senior living, youth-serving, environmental/chemical); 8-row market participants table; 6-era history (Pre-1900 Escola strict liability foundations → 1900-1944 comprehensive GL emergence/Greenman → 1944-1986 asbestos crisis/Lloyd's spiral → 1986-2005 CGL standardisation/ISO CG 00 01/tobacco MSA → 2005-2017 soft market/PFAS emergence/BIPA → 2017-present social inflation/nuclear verdicts/SAM lookbacks/PFAS absolute exclusion); 11-row regulatory/legal milestone table; 20-event timeline (1982-2024: PROD/PFAS/SAM/CYBER/BI/PD/REG type filters, JS filterTL()); 35 loss events (7 type filters × 4 severity filters: CAT/MAJ/MOD/MIN; JS applyFilters() + toggle() expand — asbestos, tobacco MSA, 3M PFAS, DuPont PFAS, opioids MDL, Roundup Bayer, BSA SAM, Catholic SAM, Astroworld, 3M earplugs, J&J talc, Winn-Dixie nuclear verdict, FL nursing home, Roundup first verdict, Coverage B PI, JUUL vape, Tyco PFAS, NY §240 construction, BIPA, USA Gymnastics, Amazon marketplace, COVID PPE, Camp Lejeune, Chicago premises, PFAS food packaging, ADA website, e-scooter, cannabis dram shop, FL condo, IT ransomware PD, retail slip/fall, food contamination, AI contractor, copyright Coverage B, TX dram shop nuclear verdict); premium rating formula (exposure base × base rate × industry hazard factor × jurisdiction factor × claims history loading × limit factor × deductible credit × social inflation load); 8 UA primary factor cards (industry hazard 0.6-3.0×, jurisdiction/venue FL/GA/TX/CA +50-120%, claims history 0.8×-2.0×, ILF $1m/$2m vs $100k/$300k ≈2.2-2.8×, deductible/SIR credit, social inflation load +15-40%, PCOH 30-60% of operations premium, additional insured surcharge +10-25%); Worked Example A (Southland Fresh Markets — 22-store FL/GA grocery chain, $180m revenue, $1m/$2m limits, $25k ded — ~$811k p.a. including PCOH); Worked Example B (Cascade Industrial — TX manufacturer, $75m revenue, UC umbrella $4m xs $1m — ~$72k p.a.); 16-item pre-bind checklist (R/P/I tiers); 8 referral triggers (nuclear verdict state + high hazard, 3yr LR >80%, PFAS/opioid/tobacco, SAM youth org, occurrence >$10m, NY §240, cannabis, mass tort industry); 4-era market cycle (2010-2016 soft → 2017-2018 social inflation emergence → 2019-2022 hard market capacity withdrawal → 2023-2024 selective stabilisation); 14-row rate benchmark table (retail non-nuclear, retail FL/GA/TX, restaurant liquor, construction ex-NY, construction NY §240, manufacturing light/heavy, trucking, senior living, cannabis, youth SAM, UC standard, UC nuclear, UR treaty); Bull/Base/Bear ROE (+14.8%, +7.2%, −12.5% for illustrative £250m portfolio); 3 Chart.js charts (rate index 4 sub-lines 2015-2024 index 100, combined loss ratio bar attritional+large loss, portfolio mix doughnut 9 segments); social inflation pro-cyclicality warning; 4-category control cards prevent/detect/respond/recover (14 control cards: premises safety, product safety QMS, subcontractor qualification, contractual liability management, PFAS declaration, SAM prevention → incident reporting, product complaint monitoring, litigation funding intelligence, FNOL/ROR monitoring → early intervention/preservation, defence counsel nuclear verdict strategy, coverage counsel ROR, ENE/mediation → subrogation products, post-claim operational review, structured settlement/MSA, reputation management); 10-row regulatory standards table (ISO CG 00 01, NAIC unfair claims, TRIA, BIPA, ADA Title III, CPSC, NY §240, state dram shop, EPA PFAS 2024 MCL, state surplus lines); before/during-after claim guidance (7+8 action steps); TRIA offer requirement alert box; 4 programme structure cards (standard admitted CGL, Lloyd's E&S primary, layered umbrella/excess, multinational DIC/DIL); 7-layer coverage tower ($125m total limit — SIR/deductible → E&S primary UA $5m → commercial umbrella $10m xs $5m → admitted umbrella $10m xs $15m → buffer layer → upper excess → high excess UC); 10-jurisdiction admitted/non-admitted matrix (NY, CA, FL, TX, IL, GA, PA, OH, CO, LA) with surplus lines tax rates; 8-step placement workflow (risk assessment → diligent search → programme design → Lloyd's E&S submission → lead negotiation → follow market → surplus lines filing → ongoing management); Atlantic Precision Components illustrative case study (TX/GA metal parts manufacturer, $250m programme, +102% rate increase from admitted non-renewal to Lloyd's E&S primary with expanded limits); DIC/DIL gap warning box; 6 source category cards (legal/court records PACER/VerdictSearch, regulatory/government NAIC/ISO/CPSC/EPA/SLAA/Lloyd's, insurance market research AM Best/Swiss Re/Munich Re/Verisk/III/LMA/CAS, broker/intermediary reports Marsh/Aon/WTW/Gallagher/Kennedys/RAND, academic/policy research RAND/ILR/ATRA/Columbia/Pew/Johns Hopkins, claims/enforcement data MDL Statistics/PACER case references); 6 landmark cases (Escola v Coca-Cola 1944/Greenman strict liability, Manville bankruptcy 1982/Lloyd's APH spiral, MSA tobacco 1998, Johnson v Monsanto 2018 Roundup first verdict, BSA SAM $2.46bn 2021-2023, 3M AFFF PFAS $10.3bn 2023); 20-row confidence audit; 5 data gaps (Lloyd's US GL GWP by sub-code UA/UC/UR/US, nuclear verdict frequency quantum by state insured, social inflation attribution by cause, PFAS historical GL exposure Lloyd's pre-2021, SAM lookback window total Lloyd's historical exposure)
- Version v4.1: 31 hubs complete
- Next hub: TBD (Workers Comp USA W5/W6 or Employers Liability UK W3 or Engineering CB/CC)

## v4.0 — May 2026
**Session: 5 May 2026**
- PI E&O Miscellaneous hub complete (Lloyd's codes E8/E9/ED/EE) — full 9-module hub at `pi-eo-misc/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges) applied throughout
- E8/E9/ED/EE colour theme: `--hub-primary:#5d4a7a`, `--hub-dark:#3a2d50`, `--hub-light:#f0ecf8`, `--hub-accent:#c8a84b`, `--hub-secondary:#c0392b`, `--hub-secondary2:#2e7d32`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#3a2d50 0%,#5d4a7a 50%,#4a3860 100%)`; `--header-sub:#c0b0d8` (deep plum/purple — differentiates from pi-eo navy, pi-construction slate, pi-tech dark blue, pi-financial-institutions navy)
- Code coverage: E8 (direct miscellaneous PI — management consultants, insurance brokers, estate agents, HR/recruitment consultants, property managers, training providers, healthcare non-medical practitioners, environmental/ESG consultants); E9 (binder/XOL arrangements for miscellaneous PI MGA/coverholder portfolios); ED (design professionals — architects design/specification, interior designers, graphic/brand designers, industrial/product designers, urban planners, landscape architects); EE (miscellaneous E&O — advertising agencies, PR/communications agencies, travel agents, tour operators, event managers, customs brokers, freight forwarder professional liability, employee benefits consultants)
- Key content: 4-column code split (E8/E9/ED/EE) with colour-coded top borders; 6 market stats (£2.8bn+ GWP, claims-made basis, 60–70% without court proceedings, MGA dominant for E9, 3–5yr retroactive date range, Insurance Act 2015); 12 profession taxonomy cards (management/strategy, HR/recruitment, real estate, insurance intermediaries, design/creative ED, media/PR, healthcare non-medical, travel/events, trade/logistics, training/education, environment/sustainability, employee benefits EE); 7-row market participants table; 4-card standard coverage features (core insuring agreement, extensions, exclusions, retroactive date); 6-era history (Pre-1950 Hedley Byrne foundations → 1950–1980 RICS/RIBA mandatory PI/UCTA → 1980–2000 FSA regulation/pensions mis-selling review → 2000–2010 ERP failures/Enron/GFC → 2010–2020 digital/cyber/ESG/GDPR → 2020–present COVID/Consumer Duty/Building Safety Act/AI); 11-row regulatory/legal milestone table; 20-event timeline (1990–2024: Management Consulting/Insurance Broker PI/Design ED/Recruitment HR/Media PR/Travel Events EE/Regulatory type filters, JS filterTL()); 35 loss events (7 profession type filters × 4 severity filters: CAT/MAJ/MOD/MIN; JS applyFilters() + toggle() expand); premium rating formula (revenue × base rate × profession risk factor × claims loading × limit factor × geographic factor × deductible credit); 8 E8/E9 factor cards (profession type 0.7–2.5×, revenue level, 3–5yr claims history 0.8–3.0×, limit of indemnity, retroactive date, geographic scope 1.0–2.0×, regulatory status, client type retail vs commercial +15–30%); 4 ED-specific factor cards (design complexity, IP clearance, post-Grenfell fire safety +20–50%, contract scope design-only vs design&build); 14-row profession base rate table (insurance broker commercial/retail, management consultant ops/M&A, HR/recruitment, estate agent, PR, advertising, architect, interior designer, graphic designer, travel agent, event manager, ESG advisory); Worked Example A (£4.5m management consultancy — ~£35,200 p.a.); Worked Example B (£1.8m FCA-regulated insurance broker — ~£42,600 p.a., claims loading dominant); 14-item pre-bind checklist (R/P/I tiers); 8 referral triggers (USA >30%, 3yr LR >80%, single client >30% revenue, known circumstances, M&A advisory >20%, revenue >£20m, limit >£10m, ESG as primary business); 4-era market cycle (2010–2015 soft → 2016–2019 latent loss emergence → 2020–2022 COVID hardening → 2023–2024 selective stabilisation); 14-row rate benchmark table (2020/2022/2024 rates with trend direction); Bull/Base/Bear ROE (+16.4%, +8.2%, −9.8% for £30m portfolio); 3 Chart.js charts (rate index 4 sub-lines 2010–2024, combined loss ratio bar, portfolio mix doughnut); pro-cyclicality warning; 14 control cards (prevent: engagement letters, client due diligence, advice quality review, IP clearance, contractual limitation, CPD; detect: client satisfaction, deadline/milestone tracking, regulatory change monitoring, GDPR compliance monitoring; respond: prompt notification, preserve documentation, no unilateral admission, panel solicitors early; recover: subrogation co-operation, post-claim process review, reputation management); 9-row regulatory requirements table (FCA/IDD insurance brokers, FCA financial advisers, FCA claims management, ARB/RIBA architects, RICS surveyors, ARLA estate agents, CIPD HR, MCA management consultants, ABTA travel agents); before/during-after claim guidance (7+8 steps); Insurance Act 2015 fair presentation warning; 4 programme structure cards (single global master, master + local admitted, USA/Canada specialist + global, E9 binder/MGA facility); 7-layer coverage tower (aggregate XL → upper excess → excess layer → primary master → US-admitted → local admitted → SIR); 10-jurisdiction admitted matrix; 8-step placement workflow; Meridian Strategy Group illustrative case study (£35m fee income, 3 prior claims £1.68m, rebuilt multi-tower programme £820k p.a. vs £290k expiring, +183%); run-off ERP note; 6 source category cards (legal/case law, regulatory, market/Lloyd's, professional body standards, academic/research, claims/enforcement data); 6 landmark cases/events with insurance significance (Hedley Byrne 1964, Murphy v Brentwood 1990, pensions mis-selling 1994, Enron/Andersen 2001, FCA BI test case 2020, Building Safety Act 2022); 20-row confidence audit; 5 data gaps (Lloyd's E-code GWP split, loss ratio by sub-class, ESG advisory claims experience, AI-assisted PI exposure, E9 binder performance)
- Version v4.0 milestone: 30 hubs complete
- Next hub: General Liability USA (UA/UC/UR/US)

## v3.9 — May 2026
**Session: 5 May 2026**
- Credit & Contract Frustration hub complete (Lloyd's codes CR/CF/WT) — full 9-module hub at `credit-contract-frustration/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges) applied throughout
- CR/CF/WT colour theme: `--hub-primary:#1a4a7a`, `--hub-dark:#0d2b4a`, `--hub-light:#e8f0f8`, `--hub-accent:#c8a84b`, `--hub-secondary:#c0392b`, `--hub-secondary2:#2e7d32`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#0d2b4a 0%,#1a4a7a 50%,#2a5a8a 100%)`; `--header-sub:#9ab8d8`
- Code coverage: CR (single-risk and excess-of-loss credit insurance — named buyer, named transaction, RoL basis, IG/sub-IG buyer quality, OECD country risk, tenor-driven); CF (contract frustration — non-performance caused by government action: import/export prohibition, sovereign cancellation, currency inconvertibility/transfer restriction CI/TR); WT (whole turnover — annual revolving policy covering entire approved debtor book, 85–95% indemnity, 90–180 day waiting period, 0.10–0.80% base rate on annual insured turnover, discretionary credit limit DCL, 15–20% first-loss deductible)
- Key content: 3-column code split (CR/CF/WT) with distinct visual treatment; 6 market stats ($3.1tn exposure, 85% indemnity, 90–180 day waiting period, 3 dominant specialist insurers, £38bn COVID guarantee, ~65% Berne Union private market share); 10 product taxonomy cards (WT domestic/export, single-risk CR, XL credit, CF political risk, bank receivables/SCF, structured trade, ECA wrap); 7-row market participants table; 6-era history (Pre-1900 early merchant credit → 1918–1945 ECGD/Great Depression/EXIM → 1945–1980 Berne Union/Suez/Iran CF origins → 1980–1997 Latin American debt/Euler Hermes/NCM/Coface consolidation → 1997–2010 Asian crisis/Russian default 1998/Argentine default 2001/GFC → 2010–2024 COVID guarantee schemes/InsurTech/Greensill/Russia-Ukraine); 20-event timeline (1982–2024: Buyer Default/Sovereign/Political CF/Regulation/Market Development/Contract Frustration/Finance-Fintech type filters, JS filterTL() function); 35-event loss database (DEFAULT/SOV/CF/FIN/REG type filters; Catastrophic/Major/Moderate/Minor severity; JS applyFilters() and toggle() functions); 3 premium rating formulas (WT: AIT × base rate × country risk loading × sector factor × buyer concentration ÷ (1−first-loss%) × deductible credit; CR single-risk: credit limit × base RoL × buyer quality × country risk × tenor × waiting period credit; CF: contract value × CF rate × political risk country factor × buyer type × duration × frustration cause factor); base rates: WT domestic blue-chip 0.10–0.35%, export WT EM 0.40–1.00%; base RoL: CR IG OECD 0.5–3.0%, sub-IG/EM 2–8%; CF OECD sovereign 0.25–1.5%, high-risk SOE 1.5–5.0%; 8 WT factor cards (buyer quality, geographic mix, sector, buyer concentration, deductible, waiting period, APH 3–5yr loss history, credit management quality); 8 CR/CF factor cards (buyer credit rating, OECD country risk category, buyer type SOE vs private, tenor, CF cause breadth, OECD Arrangement, collateral/security, indemnity %); Worked Example A (UK engineering WT £12m export → ~£27,700 p.a.); Worked Example B (CR Vietnamese SOE €2.5m 18-month → ~€99,000 at 3.96%); 12-item pre-bind checklist (R/P/I tiers); 8 referral triggers (buyer >20% concentration, cat 6–7 exposure, single limit >£500k unrated, 3yr LR >80%, CF SOE high-risk, fintech/SCF platform, sum insured >£5m, distressed sector); 3 Chart.js charts (rate index 3 sub-lines 2010–2024, combined loss ratio bar, loss cause doughnut 8 segments); 4-era market cycle (2010–2012 post-GFC hardening +20–40% → 2012–2018 benign softening → 2018–2021 retail insolvency/COVID hardening → 2021–2024 Russia-Ukraine CF + EM stress); 14-row rate benchmark table (WT domestic to CF high-risk); Bull/Base/Bear ROE (+17.2%, +8.6%, −14.5% for £40m portfolio 45% export WT/30% CR/25% CF); pro-cyclicality warning note-box; 14 control cards (prevent/detect/respond/recover); prevent: buyer due diligence (D&B/Experian/Companies House), internal credit limit policy, debtor book diversification, trade documentation compliance, country risk monitoring, contract structuring for CF; detect: real-time buyer credit monitoring, debtor ageing analysis (weekly mandatory), political risk intelligence (Oxford Analytica/EIU/Maplecroft), sector credit intelligence; respond: overdue notification (30–60 days threshold — breach can void coverage), prompt legal action (duty to mitigate), proof of debt filing, CF claim documentation; recover: subrogation co-operation (mandatory), Paris Club/G20 sovereign restructuring (3–10 year timeline), residual credit relationship management; 8-row regulatory standards table (Solvency II, OECD Arrangement, Berne Union, OFAC/EU/OFSI sanctions, EU AML, FCA ICOBS, ICISA best practice, UK Corporate Insolvency Act 2020); before/during-after claim guidance (7+8 action steps); anti-avoidance/utmost good faith warning (Insurance Act 2015); 4 programme structure cards (global WT master policy, co-ordinated local policies, ECA co-insurance, bank receivables/SCF facility); 7-layer coverage tower for £850m multinational exporter (Catastrophe/Aggregate XL → Upper Excess Lloyd's CR/CF → Primary WT lead specialist → ECA co-insurance UKEF → LC requirement cat 6–7 buyers → DCL internal first loss → 15% non-insured first-loss); 9-jurisdiction admitted matrix (UK, Germany, France, USA, China, India, Brazil, Australia, Singapore/HK); 8-step placement workflow (global debtor analysis → sanctions screening → country risk → programme structure → market submission → ECA engagement → negotiation/binding → ongoing management); Meridian Engineering Group case study (£220m export turnover, 32 countries; Turkey £4.2m + Argentina £2.1m losses; split Allianz Trade + Lloyd's specialty + UKEF co-insurance; £1.85m p.a. vs £0.78m expiring, +137%); 6 source category cards (Berne Union/ICISA/OECD/ICC, Allianz Trade/Atradius/Coface/Aon/Marsh, IMF/World Bank/S&P/EIU/Oxford Analytica/Maplecroft, OFAC/EU/OFSI/FCA/Insurance Act 2015, LMA/BPL Global/WTW/UKEF/GTR, Reinhart & Rogoff/BoE/HoC inquiry); 6 landmark events (Argentine default 2001, GFC 2008–2009, Russian default 1998, Greensill 2021, COVID guarantee schemes 2020, Russia-Ukraine 2022); 20-row confidence audit; 5 data gaps (Lloyd's CR/CF/WT sub-line split, private insurer rate data, Greensill final settlement, Chinese market data, SCF credit insurance aggregate exposure)
- Now 29 hubs complete

## v3.8 — May 2026
**Session: 5 May 2026**
- Agricultural Crop & Forestry hub complete (Lloyd's codes HA/AG) — full 9-module hub at `agricultural-crop-forestry/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges) applied throughout
- HA/AG colour theme: `--hub-primary:#2d6a2d`, `--hub-dark:#1a3d1a`, `--hub-light:#e8f5e3`, `--hub-accent:#c8a84b`, `--hub-secondary:#8b4513`, `--hub-secondary2:#1565c0`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#1a3d1a 0%,#2d6a2d 50%,#3d7a3d 100%)`; `--header-sub:#b8d4b8`
- Code coverage: HA (crop — MPCI, named-peril hail/frost/flood, revenue protection, weather index/parametric, specialty crops, greenhouse/CEA, aquaculture, livestock); AG (forestry/silviculture — standing timber fire and windstorm, timber merchants stock, reforestation extension, salvage costs)
- Key content: 6-era history (Pre-1900 mutual hail societies, 1797 Hagelversicherungs-Gesellschaft → 1930s Dust Bowl/Federal Crop Insurance Act 1938/FCIC → Green Revolution/Scandinavian forestry 1945–1980 → FCIA 1980/1994 Reform Act/El Niño/Lothar 1999 → 2003 heat wave €13bn/2012 US drought $17.3bn/PMFBY/BC bark beetle 700m m³ → 2015–2024 wildfire catastrophes/precision agriculture/ASF China/climate repricing); 20-event timeline (1980–2024: drought/flood/wildfire/wind/bio/reg/market type filters, colour-coded dots); 35-event loss database (DROUGHT/FLOOD/WILDFIRE/WIND/BIO/REG type filters; Catastrophic/Major/Moderate/Minor severity; JS toggle expand); technical rating formulas (MPCI: APH liability × pure rate; AG: declared value × RoL); 8 HA crop rating factor cards (crop type/APH variability, county risk zone +20–100%, irrigation −30–60%, ENSO +10–30%, coverage level, agronomic practices −5–15%, specialty/perennial, deductible); 6 AG forestry factor cards (WUI fire +50–300%, windstorm +20–80%, species mix, declared value accuracy, FSC −10–20%, pest/disease sub-limit); Worked Example A (Iowa irrigated corn 600 acres — $8,051 farmer-paid, $15,483 gross at 3.2% county rate); Worked Example B (Scottish Sitka spruce 2,400 ha £8.5m declared value — ~£38,039 p.a.); 12-item pre-bind checklist (R/P/I tiers); accumulation warning; 3 Chart.js charts (RoL index 3 sub-classes 2010–2024, loss ratio bar with 2012 drought highlighted, portfolio mix doughnut 9 segments); 4-era market cycle (pre-2012 soft → 2012 drought shock → 2016–2020 softening/wildfire emergence → 2020–2024 climate repricing); rate benchmark 11 sub-class rows (US MPCI RI, European hail, European MPCI, Asia-Pacific index, LatAm RI, specialty/greenhouse, European timber, North America timber, Australasia timber, timber stock, forestry cat XL); Bull/Base/Bear ROE (+16.8%, +9.4%, −11.2% for £50m portfolio); 15 control cards (prevent/detect/respond/recover); 8-row regulatory standards table (US MPCI/forestry, India PMFBY, Spain Agroseguro, France CCR, Canada, EU forestry, Australia); pre/during-claim guidance (7+8 action steps); pest/disease exclusion warning box; 7-layer coverage tower (forestry — cat XL → upper excess → buffer → primary layer → local admitted → reforestation extension → salvage sublimit); 9-jurisdiction admitted matrix (US, Canada, UK, Germany, France, Spain, India, Australia, Brazil); 8-step forestry placement workflow; Scandinavian Timber Group pan-European programme case study (+35% rate increase on properly valued £118m sum insured, £387k vs £196k expiring); 6 source category cards (government programme data, reinsurance market, forestry/technical, climate/meteorological, Lloyd's/market, regulatory); 6 landmark events with full narrative (Lothar 1999 €3bn/200m m³, 2012 US drought $17.3bn, BC bark beetle 700m m³, ASF China 100m pigs, Australian Black Summer A$2.3bn, Canada 2023 18.4m ha); 20-row confidence audit; 5 data gaps (Lloyd's HA/AG split, forestry market size $0.8–2.5bn, PMFBY RI treaty terms, bark beetle insured losses, Chinese agricultural insurance detail)
- Now 28 hubs complete

## v3.7 — May 2026
**Session: 1 May 2026**
- PI E&O Financial Institutions hub complete (Lloyd's codes F2/F3) — full 9-module hub at `pi-financial-institutions/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges) applied throughout
- FI PI colour theme: `--hub-primary:#2c5282`, `--hub-dark:#1a3050`, `--hub-light:#ebf4ff`, `--hub-accent:#c8a84b`, `--hub-secondary:#c0392b`, `--hub-secondary2:#2e7d32`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#1a3050 0%,#2c5282 50%,#3a6298 100%)`; first hub built clean under canonical template architecture (hub-styles.css + 8 variables only)
- Code coverage: F2 (direct FI PI — retail IFA, DFM, asset manager, investment bank, mortgage broker, credit broker, SIPP operator); F3 (facultative RI — excess and top-and-drop for large FI PI programmes)
- Key content: 6-era history (1900–2024: Hedley Byrne 1964 → Big Bang/FSA/Pensions mis-selling → Analyst conflicts/Split Capitals/GFC run-up → GFC claims wave (Lehman, Madoff, LIBOR, PPI) → MiFID II/LCF/DB transfers → Consumer Duty/ESG/crypto); 20-event timeline (2002–2024: analyst settlement, Lehman notes, Madoff feeders, LIBOR civil claims, Rubenstein v HSBC, PPI deadline, LCF, DB British Steel wave, Reg BI, crypto collapse, DWS ESG enforcement, Consumer Duty, motor finance DCA ruling); 35-event loss database (ADVICE/MISC/REG/STRUCT/DIGIT type filters; Catastrophic/Major/Moderate/Minor severity filters; expandable detail rows); technical premium rating formula (base rate × revenue/AUA × product risk factor × regulatory factor × limit factor × retroactive date factor × deductible credit); 12 factor cards (DB transfer +30–100%, structured products +25–75%, regulatory history +50–150%, AR network surcharge; claims-free −10–20% credit, Consumer Duty compliance −5–15% credit); standard sub-limits framework (7 advice categories including DB transfer, crypto, ESG); 2 worked pricing examples (Pemberton IFA £15.9k p.a.; Alderton DFM £242k p.a.); 12-item pre-bind checklist (R/P/I tiers); referral triggers (8 automatic referral conditions); RoL index chart (2010–2024, index 100→238); loss ratio bar chart (attritional + large loss); segment doughnut chart (6 segments); 4-era market cycle (GFC hard, RDR rebuild, DB/MiFID hardening, Consumer Duty era); rate benchmark table (6 segments, 2020/2022/2024 RoL and loss ratios); Bull/Base/Bear ROE (+18.5%, +11.2%, −4.8%); 14 prevention/detection/response/recovery control cards; 8-row regulatory standards table (Consumer Duty, MiFID II, Reg BI, COBS DB rules, SDR, SFDR, Hedley Byrne, COBS general); pre/during-claim guidance (11 action steps); 6-layer global coverage tower (SIR → primary FI PI → buffer → upper excess → fac RI); 9-jurisdiction regulatory minimums table; 9-territory admitted/non-admitted matrix; 8-step placement workflow; Nordic Wealth Advisers illustrative case study (pan-European programme rebuild, +68% premium, DB compliance framework as placement enabler); 6 source category cards; 6 landmark cases (Hedley Byrne 1964, Pensions Review 1994, Rubenstein v HSBC 2012, Bathurst CPDO 2012, Adams v Options SIPP 2021, Johnson/Wrench motor finance DCA 2024); 20-row confidence audit; 5 data gaps (Lloyd's FI PI GWP by sub-segment, loss ratio by advice category, Consumer Duty claims quantum, ESG civil claim volume, motor finance DCA PI allocation)
- Now 27 hubs complete

## v3.6 — May 2026
**Session: 1 May 2026**
- Crime / Fidelity Financial Institutions hub complete (Lloyd's code BB) — full 9-module hub at `crime-financial-institutions/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges) applied throughout
- BB colour theme: `--crime:#7b1e1e`, `--crime-dark:#3d0000`, `--fi:#0d3b6b`, `--fid:#1b5e20`, `--fraud:#c62828`, `--cyber:#6a1b9a`, `--social:#e65100`, `--gold:#b8860b`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#3d0000 0%,#7b1e1e 50%,#5a1414 100%)`; nav active: `color:var(--crime); border-bottom-color:var(--gold)`
- Code coverage: BB — Bankers Blanket Bond / Crime / Fidelity for Financial Institutions; covers employee dishonesty, forgery & alteration, on-premises/in-transit, computer crime/EFT fraud, social engineering/BEC, securities & counterfeiting; insured entities include banks, investment managers, broker-dealers, exchanges, payment processors, insurance companies
- Key content: Bankers Blanket Bond (BBB) origins (ABA 1916 first standardisation); 5-era history (1900–2024); 20-event timeline (Rusnak 2002 through deepfake video $25m Hong Kong 2024); 35-event loss database (ROGUE/EMPL/CYBER/BEC/PONZI/FORG/REG filters); manifest intent + financial benefit trigger elements; discovery vs loss-sustained basis; computer crime vs BEC boundary (Medidata ruling 2018); SWIFT CSP (16 mandatory controls, annual KYC-SA attestation); dual authorisation; mandatory holiday policy; FINRA Rule 4360 (broker-dealers 120% net capital minimum); ICA 1940 §17(g) (registered investment companies 10% fund value); UK PSR APP Fraud Reimbursement (£85,000 mandatory from October 2024); DMARC/DKIM/SPF email authentication; DORA (EU 2025); MAS TRM guidelines; institution type rate factor table (10 rows, 0.8–8.0× factor); limit adequacy table (5 rows with regulatory minimums); worked examples (UK mid-tier bank £25m limit ~£85–110k p.a.; London hedge fund $15m limit ~$42–56k p.a.); 3 Chart.js charts (rate index 3 sub-classes 2010–2024, loss ratio bar 2010–2024, FI crime loss by type 2020–2024 donut); 4-era market cycle; rate benchmark 8 sub-classes (2019/2022/2024); Bull/Base/Bear ROE (+14–22%, +6–12%, −15–30%); 6-layer coverage tower ($100m multinational programme); US regulatory bond matrix (6 regulators: FDIC, FINRA 4360, ICA §17(g), NCUA, State Insurance Depts, Money Transmitter); 7-jurisdiction admitted/non-admitted matrix (US, EU post-Brexit, India, Brazil, China, Singapore/HK, Australia); BB/D&O/Cyber/E&O coverage boundary analysis; 8-step placement workflow; aggregate/reinstatement structure by FI size; Pan-European IB case study (illustrative — restructured programme £10m→£50m limit, +230% premium, FINRA compliance achieved); fronting arrangement mechanics and key risks; 6 landmark cases with insurance outcomes (Barings/Leeson 1995, SocGen/Kerviel 2008, Madoff 2008, Medidata/BEC 2018, Bangladesh Bank SWIFT 2016, UBS/Adoboli 2011); 6 reference category cards; 20-row confidence audit table; 5 data gaps documented (Lloyd's BB GWP breakdown, BB insurance recovery data on rogue trader losses, BB loss ratio time series, BEC claim population, DORA impact on BB pricing)
- Now 26 hubs complete

## v3.5 — April 2026
**Session: 30 April 2026**
- Marine Hull War hub complete (Lloyd's codes W/WB/AW/WX) — full 9-module hub at `marine-hull-war/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges) applied throughout
- Marine Hull War colour theme: `--war:#1a237e`, `--war-dark:#0d1442`, `--danger:#c62828`, `--mine:#e65100`, `--piracy:#6a1b9a`, `--jwc:#00695c`, `--warn:#f57f17`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#0d1442 0%,#1a237e 50%,#283593 100%)`
- Code coverage: W (direct/fac hull war — CL.280 annual policy), WB (marine war binder — delegated underwriting authority), AW (aviation war — AVN52 excluded perils; Russia 2022 confiscation), WX (extended/miscellaneous war — breach voyage, extended war perils, specialist arrangements)
- Key content: F.C.&S. (Free of Capture and Seizure) clause explained as structural market driver; CL.280 Institute War and Strikes Clauses Hulls—Time (1983) — all 6 covered perils (war, capture/seizure, derelict weapons, strikers, terrorism, piracy); JWC Listed Areas table (7 territories: Red Sea/Bab-el-Mandeb, Black Sea, Ukraine/Russia, Gulf of Guinea, Strait of Hormuz, Libya, Indian Ocean/piracy zone) with AWRP ranges; 48-hour cancellation clause implications; 5-era history (Lloyd's Coffee House 1688 → WWI/WWII government schemes → Tanker War/CL.280 1983 → Somali piracy 2001–2015 → Ukraine/Red Sea 2022–2024); 20-event timeline (MV Limburg, ISPS Code, Sirius Star, BMP milestones, MH17, Stena Impero, Gulf of Oman mines, PS752, Ukraine Feb 2022, Houthi campaign, MV Marlin Luanda, Red Sea rerouting, BMP6 2023); 35-event loss database with WAR/PIR/MINE/AV/CONF/REG type filters; two-tier pricing formula (base rate + AWRP); vessel type rate table (tankers/bulkers/containers/PCC/general/specialist, 2019 vs 2024); AWRP table (8 HRA rows, per-transit/per-call); CTL and detention claims table (6 scenarios); Worked Example A (VLCC Red Sea transit $120m hull ~$540k AWRP per transit); Worked Example B (Greek 8-vessel Panamax bulk carrier fleet ~$627k p.a.); 3 Chart.js charts (war rate index 2010–2024, loss ratio bar Ukraine/Red Sea years highlighted, Red Sea AWRP per transit Jan 2022–Dec 2024 spike); 4-era market cycle; 2024 rate benchmark (7 rows); Bull/Base/Bear ROE (+18–28%, +8–15%, −20–40%); BMP6 framework (4 mitigation cards); UKMTO registration; Cape vs Red Sea transit decision table; vessels-still-transiting analysis; sanctions compliance (OFAC, OFSI, EU, dark fleet/AIS manipulation); 8-row standards table; fleet programme 6-layer coverage tower (annual base policy → AWRP endorsements → P&I war → crew K&R/PA → retained SIR); 48-hour cancellation risk scenarios table; war syndicate reinsurance (QS, per-occurrence XL, cat aggregate, facultative); PML accumulation controls; admitted vs non-admitted matrix (7 jurisdictions); aviation war (AW) programme differences including Russia 2022 confiscation crisis; placement workflow (8 steps); Greek 14-vessel mixed fleet case study (~$1.1bn TIV, annual base ~$888k, AWRP 2024 ~$4.4m, total programme ~$6.1m — 380% increase vs pre-2022); CL.280/CL.281/AVN52C/F.C.&S. primary clause references; JWC/BIMCO/IG Group/LMA market body references; IMO/BMP6/UKMTO/ISPS/ISM standards; sanctions/MLC regulatory framework; 5 landmark cases (Kawasaki CTL 1921, Stena Impero 2019, Merck/NotPetya cyber-war boundary 2023, Russia aviation confiscation 2022, Sirius Star ransom 2008); 5 data gaps documented (Lloyd's W/WB/AW/WX GWP breakdown, JWC AWRP rate schedules, Black Sea aggregate insured loss, Red Sea Houthi running insured total, Russia aviation confiscation final settlement)

## v3.4 — April 2026
**Session: 30 April 2026**
- Personal Accident & Health hub complete (Lloyd's codes KA/KB/KC/KG/KM/KP/KS/KT/KX) — full 9-module hub at `personal-accident-health/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges) applied throughout
- PA&H colour theme: `--pah:#00695c`, `--pah-dark:#003d33`, `--acc:#c62828`, `--med:#1565c0`, `--travel:#e65100`, `--sport:#6a1b9a`, `--warn:#f57f17`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#003d33 0%,#00695c 50%,#00796b 100%)`
- Code coverage: KA (individual personal accident — AD&D, disability income, occupation class 1–5+), KB (PA binder/delegated authority), KC (contingency and medical expenses — event cancellation, prize indemnity), KG (group A&H — group PMI, group income protection, group PA), KM (maritime PA and crew K&R — MLC 2006, piracy, offshore crew), KP (creditor protection — PPI legacy and modern payment protection), KS (sports disability — professional athletes, career-ending disability, rugby/football/motorsport), KT (travel insurance — cancellation, medical abroad, repatriation, baggage), KX (miscellaneous A&H — war PA, political violence PA, specialist disability)
- Key content: 6-era history (Victorian friendly societies 1849 → National Insurance Act 1911 → NHS 1948 / BUPA / group benefits → HIV/AIDS / HMO / PPI → 9/11 / ACA 2010 / PPI redress £38bn → COVID-19 / long-COVID / mental health / FCA Consumer Duty 2023); 20-event timeline (2001–2024: 9/11 aviation PA, SARS, Ebola, ACA, Germanwings, COVID-19, long-COVID, FCA Consumer Duty, NHS PMI demand); 35-event claims database with type/severity/keyword search; occupation class table (Class 1–5+); age rating table (16–25 to 75+); travel destination rate bands (Europe/Worldwide/USA); worked group PA example (500-person manufacturer ~£363k p.a.); worked sports disability example (Premier League footballer £12m SI ~£119k p.a.); 3 Chart.js visualisations (A&H rate index 4 sub-classes 2010–2024, loss ratio bar with COVID spike, UK medical inflation vs CPI 2015–2024); 5-era market cycle; 2024 rate benchmark table (8 sub-classes); ROE scenarios (Bull +14–20%, Base +6–12%, Bear −10–20%); disability definition taxonomy (own/any/suited occupation); PEC approaches (full exclusion, MORI, IMU); rehabilitation services framework (long-COVID specific); FCA Consumer Duty and mental health exclusion scrutiny; MLC 2006 maritime compliance; 6-layer multinational programme tower; 9-territory compulsory coverage matrix (UK SSP → Germany DGUV → France prévoyance → USA ACA/Workers Comp → Russia excluded); reinsurance structures (QS, Cat XL, aggregate stop-loss); multinational technology company case study (3,500 employees, 7 territories, ~£6.2m p.a.); 7 UK statutes and regulations; 4 international conventions; 8 industry/market sources; 4 landmark cases/regulatory decisions; 5 data gaps documented (Lloyd's K-series GWP breakdown, long-COVID actuarial duration, mental health frequency definitive figure, 9/11 PA disaggregated loss, KS sports market volume)
- Now 24 hubs complete

## v3.3 — April 2026
**Session: 30 April 2026**
- Marine Cargo hub complete (Lloyd's codes V/Q/VL/VX) — full 9-module hub at `marine-cargo/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges) applied throughout
- Marine Cargo colour theme: `--mc:#1565c0`, `--mc-dark:#0d2137`, `--icc:#00695c`, `--fire:#c62828`, `--ga:#6a1b9a`, `--warn:#e65100`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#0d2137 0%,#1565c0 50%,#0277bd 100%)`
- Code coverage: V (ocean marine cargo — ICC A/B/C, open cover, stock throughput, commodity trade finance), Q (inland transit / inland marine), VL (cargo legal liability — freight forwarders, NVOCCs, CMR, Hague-Visby, BIFA conditions), VX (special risks — fine art, bulk commodity, project/heavy lift cargo, pharmaceutical cold chain)
- Key content: Marine Insurance Act 1906 (foundation statute); Institute Cargo Clauses (A/B/C) 2009 edition; General Average and York-Antwerp Rules 2016; Incoterms 2020 insurable interest table (CIF/CIP minimum insurance obligations); six-era history (Lloyd's Coffee House 1688 to ULCV/Red Sea era); 35-event claims database (1993–2024: Tianjin $3.3bn, Ever Given GA $900m, Felicity Ace $500m, Baltimore bridge ~$1.5bn+, Hanjin bankruptcy); commodity rate table (10 rows: electronics 0.20–0.45% to bulk coal 0.04–0.12% ILLUS); 10-factor risk scorecard; 3 Chart.js visualisations (rate index 4 commodity datasets 2010–2024, loss ratio bar, Red Sea war risk rate spike 2023–24); open cover structure and certificates of insurance; stock throughput policy vs. standard open cover; commodity trade finance and UCP 600 Article 28; 8-territory multinational programme matrix; worked case study (UK FMCG manufacturer $420m annual turnover, ~$672,000 p.a. ILLUS); 5 international conventions/carrier liability regimes; 5 IMO/regulatory standards; 5 data gaps documented
- Now 23 hubs complete

## v3.2 — April 2026
**Session: 29 April 2026**
- Political Risk hub complete (Lloyd's code PR) — full 9-module hub at `political-risk/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges) applied throughout
- Political Risk colour theme: `--pr:#283593`, `--pr-dark:#1a237e`, `--pv:#c62828`, `--inv:#e65100`, `--gov:#00695c`, `--treaty:#6a1b9a`, `--warn:#f57f17`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#1a237e 0%,#283593 50%,#1565c0 100%)`
- Code coverage: PR (Political Risk — CEND, Political Violence, Currency Inconvertibility & Transfer Restriction, Contract Frustration, Forced Abandonment, Non-Honoring of Sovereign Obligations, Arbitral Award Default)
- Key content: 5-era history (Cuba 1959 → 1970s resource nationalism → BIT proliferation → LatAm wave → Crimea/Sahel/Ukraine); 35-event claims database; country risk tier rating framework (Tiers 1–5; 0.10%–6%+ annual rates); 9-sector multiplier table (mining 1.30–1.60× to renewable 0.90–1.10×); worked pricing examples (Ghana gold mine $120m 3yr ILLUS; Nigeria CI/TR $40m 5yr ILLUS); Russia/Ukraine as defining market inflection (est. $40bn+ combined exposure); Sahel coup wave 2020–23; BIT verification methodology (UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub); ICSID vs UNCITRAL arbitration; MIGA preferred creditor deterrence; ECA co-insurance; project finance PRI lender structure; claims cooperation multi-layer obligations; subrogation against sovereigns; 7 key international conventions and treaties; 5 landmark ICSID/PCA awards; 5 data gaps documented; 3 Chart.js visualisations (5-region rate index 2005–2024, loss ratio bar, post-2022 drivers horizontal bar); worked case study (Zambia/DRC copper mine $335m programme, ~$6.78m p.a. ILLUS)
- Now 22 hubs complete

## v3.1 — April 2026
**Session: 28 April 2026**
- Commercial Property hub complete (Lloyd's codes P2/P3/P4/P5/P6/P7/B2/B3/B4/B5) — full 9-module hub at `property-commercial/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges) applied throughout
- Commercial Property colour theme: `--prop:#5d4037`, `--prop-dark:#3e2723`, `--fire:#c62828`, `--flood:#0277bd`, `--bi:#2e7d32`, `--cat:#6a1b9a`, `--warn:#e65100`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#3e2723 0%,#5d4037 50%,#4e342e 100%)`
- Code coverage: P2 (Fire & Allied Perils), P3 (Full Value / All Risks), P4 (Excess Layers), P5 (USA E&S), P6 (International), P7 (Special Risks), B2 (Binder Fire & Allied), B3 (Binder Full Value), B4 (Binder Excess), B5 (Binder Special)
- Key content: COPE framework (Construction/Occupancy/Protection/Exposure); PML/EML/CRESTA zone assessment; BI indemnity period pricing; COVID BI test case (FCA v Arch UKSC 2021); Hurricane Katrina/Harvey/Ian/Irma/Maria; Thailand floods 2011 supply chain BI; California wildfire (Camp Fire 2018); LMA5564 cyber physical damage exclusion (mandatory 2023); Pool Re (UK terrorism); TRIA (US terrorism); NFIP (US flood); DIC/DIL multinational programme; Day-One reinstatement; average clause; EV/BESS fire risk; PFAS property exclusion; severe convective storm (SCS); 3 Chart.js visualisations (rate index 4 datasets 2005–2024, combined ratio stacked bar, nat cat inflation horizontal bar); 35-event claims database with search/filter; multinational territory matrix (9 countries); programme tower (5 layers); worked case study (£1.2bn global retail group)
- Now 21 hubs complete

## v3.0 — April 2026
**Session: 20 April 2026**
- PI E&O Construction hub complete (Lloyd's codes E6/E7) — full 9-module hub at `pi-construction/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges) applied throughout
- PI Construction colour theme: `--pi:#37474f`, `--pi-dark:#102027`, `--arch:#795548`, `--eng:#1565c0`, `--bsact:#6a1b9a`, `--warn:#e65100`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#102027 0%,#37474f 50%,#263238 100%)`
- Code coverage: E6 (PI for professional consultants — architects, structural/civil/M&E engineers, QS, building surveyors, PM, CDM PDs); E7 (PI for Design & Build contractors accepting design liability)
- Key content: Building Safety Act 2022 (HRBs, Gateway 1/2/3, BSR, Principal Designer (BSA), Building Liability Orders, 30-year retrospective limitation under DPA 1972 s.135); Grenfell Tower 2017 (72 deaths, ACM cladding, Studio E/Rydon); RAAC schools 2023; E6 vs E7 standard of care distinction (RSC vs fitness-for-purpose risk, Bolam test, JCT DB 2016 cl. 2.17.1); key cases (Hedley Byrne [1964], Anns v Merton [1978], D&F Estates [1989], Murphy v Brentwood [1991], SAAMCO [1997]); BIM liability (ISO 19650, COBie, golden thread); EWS1 External Wall System Assessment; RIBA Plan of Work 2020; France RCD/DO compulsory 10-year strict liability; NSW DBPA 2020; run-off tail gap (standard 6yr vs potential 30yr post-BSA); 3 Chart.js visualisations (rate index 4 datasets 2005–2024, combined ratio, claims inflation horizontal bar)
- Now 20 hubs complete

## v2.9 — April 2026
**Session: 18 April 2026**
- General Liability – Non-USA hub complete (Lloyd's codes N/NC/NR/NS) — full 9-module hub at `general-liability-non-us/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges) applied throughout
- GL Non-USA colour theme: `--gl:#1b5e20`, `--gl-dark:#0a2e0d`, `--intl:#006064`, `--warn:#e65100`, `--liab:#1565c0`, `--prod:#6a1b9a`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#0a1f0a 0%,#1b5e20 50%,#0d3b0d 100%)`
- Code coverage: N (General/Public/Premises Liability non-US), NC (Contractors non-US), NR (Products Liability non-US), NS (Miscellaneous/Special/Umbrella non-US)
- Key content: Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] foundational case; EU PLD 85/374/EEC; Consumer Protection Act 1987; GPSR 2024 (effective 13 Dec 2024); REACH regulation; EU MDR 2017/745; EU Representative Actions Directive 2020; revised EU PLD (2024); occurrence vs. claims-made basis; products aggregate control; DIC/DIL multinational programme structure; fronting arrangements; captive integration; CDM 2015 contractors regime; SSIP accreditation; social inflation by jurisdiction (Australia, Brazil, UK); US/Canada exclusion architecture; 3 Chart.js visualisations (rate index, social inflation, combined ratio)
- Now 19 hubs complete

## v2.8 — April 2026
**Session: 17 April 2026**
- Motor – UK hub complete (Lloyd's codes M2/M3/M4/M5/M6) — full 9-module hub at `motor-uk/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges) applied throughout
- Motor colour theme: `--motor:#c0392b`, `--motor-dark:#7b1010`, `--road:#263238`, `--signal:#e67e22`, `--speed:#1565c0`, `--go:#2e7d32`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#1a0808 0%,#c0392b 50%,#7b1010 100%)`
- Code coverage: M2 (Private Motor — private cars, classic, HNW, agreed value), M3 (Commercial Motor — LCVs, HGV, courier, ride-hail), M4 (Motorcycle), M5 (Motor Fleet — corporate fleet, captive structures), M6 (Motor Trade — road risks and combined)
- Key content: Road Traffic Act 1988 compulsory framework; MIB/MID; Ogden rate history; Civil Liability Act 2018 / OIC portal; FCA pricing reform 2022; Automated Vehicles Act 2024; EV thermal runaway; telematics/UBI; fleet risk management; captive motor programme architecture; Green Card post-Brexit
- Now 18 hubs complete

## v2.7.1 — April 2026
**Session: 17 April 2026**
- **Readability fix:** Systematic CSS audit across all 17 hubs (51 files patched) — dark-background containers now have explicit child `p`/`li` colour rules preventing dark text on dark backgrounds
- **Design rules documented:** `DESIGN_RULES.md` created at hub root — formalises contrast rules, light text tints per hub theme, `th:hover` colour requirement, and new-hub checklist
- Root cause: body-level `p { color: var(--text); }` specificity beats inherited container colour; fix is explicit `.dark-class p, .dark-class li { color: LIGHT_TINT; }` child rules

## v2.7 — April 2026
**Session: 17 April 2026**
- Marine Hull hub complete (Lloyd's codes B/T/TS/TX) — full 9-module hub at `marine-hull/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard applied throughout (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges)
- Marine colour theme: `--marine:#0b3d6b`, `--marine-dark:#061e35`, `--ocean:#1a6b8a`, `--hull:#c0572a`, `--anchor:#2d6b3a`, `--deck:#b8860b`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#061e35 0%,#0b3d6b 50%,#041525 100%)`
- Code coverage: B (Builders' Risk — keel-laying through sea trials), T (Hull & Machinery Time — ITC 1983 / IHC 2003), TS (Total Loss Only — ATL/CTL), TX (Loss of Hire / Additional Perils — ITC LOH Clauses 20/7/87)
- Overview stats: ~$7bn global marine hull GWP (EST), 100,000+ vessels in global fleet (VER), $2.4bn Costa Concordia largest single hull loss (EST), 0.25–0.55% typical VLCC rate on line (EST), 1688 Lloyd's Coffee House origins (VER), $400m+ Red Sea war risk premium uplift 2024 (EST)
- Code table: B/T/TS/TX with coverage scope, policy basis, typical limits; 6 coverage architecture cards (H&M, Builders' Risk, TLO, LOH, Increased Value, Additional Perils); P&I interface info-box (3/4 vs 1/4 collision RDC, GA, wreck removal); market overview 5 segments
- History: 7 era blocks — 1688 Lloyd's Coffee House origins; 1745/1906 Marine Insurance Acts; 1907–1970 ocean liners era (Titanic, Torrey Canyon, CLC 1969); 1970–1990 ITC 1983/MAR form, Exxon Valdez, OPA 90; 1990–2005 ISM Code, MV Estonia, MV Erika, IHC 2003; 2005–2019 Costa Concordia, MOL Comfort, El Faro, MSC Zoe; 2020–present Ever Given, X-Press Pearl, BIMCO cyber, Red Sea/Houthi, Dali/Baltimore bridge
- Timeline: 20 events 1688–2024 — Lloyd's Coffee House (1688), Marine Insurance Acts (1745/1906), Titanic (1912), Torrey Canyon (1967), MAR form/ITC 1983 (1982/83), Iran-Iraq Tanker War (1984–88), Herald of Free Enterprise/Estonia (1987/94), Exxon Valdez/OPA 90 (1989), ISM Code (1998/2002), MV Erika (1999), IHC 2003, Costa Concordia (2012), MOL Comfort (2013), soft market trough (2015–19), MSC Zoe (2019), Ever Given (2021), BIMCO Cyber (2019/2023), Russia-Ukraine Black Sea (2022), Dali/Baltimore bridge (March 2024), Red Sea/Houthi (2024)
- Database: 35-event JS array 1912–2024, filterable by peril (grounding/fire/collision/structural/war/weather/pollution), vessel type (tanker/container/passenger/bulker/general), jurisdiction (USA/EUROPE/ASIA/GLOBAL); expandable detail rows; sortable columns
- Underwriting: H&M rating formula (IV × base rate × age × type × classification × trading area × claims × PSC quality); 6 factor cards with multiplier tables (age, vessel type, class society, trading area, claims history, PSC/management); classification society comparison table (LR, DNV, BV, ABS, ClassNK, RINA, KR, CCS — IACS vs non-IACS); 6-area quality scoring matrix (green/amber/red); builders' risk special considerations (4 cards: shipyard quality, vessel complexity, construction period, launching/sea trials); 2 worked examples: VLCC ($90m IV, clean record ~$256,500 ILLUS), older Panamax bulker ($12m IV, PSC detention, survey overdue ~$175,200 ILLUS)
- Rates: Chart.js H&M rate index 1999–2026 (1999=100) + war risk premium index overlay; 6 cycle narratives (1997–2002 hard, 2003–2011 soft, 2012 Costa Concordia shock, 2013–2018 deepening soft, 2019–2022 correction, 2023–2026 firming + Red Sea); 10-segment rate benchmark table incl. car carrier EV uplift and Red Sea war risk; Chart.js combined ratio bar chart 2010–2024; ROE on $500m GWP: Bull +19%, Base +9%, Bear -14%
- Risk mitigation: ISM Code section (SMS, DOC/SMC certificates, TMSA 3 tankers, common PSC deficiencies); classification survey section (annual, special 5yr dry-dock, ESP, builders' risk survey); PSC section (Paris MOU, Tokyo MOU, USCG — red flags for underwriters); BIMCO cyber interface dark info-box (NotPetya context, LMA5400 cyber exclusions, IMO MSC-FAL.1/Circ.3, ECDIS/AIS vulnerabilities); 10-standard regulatory table (SOLAS, ISM, MARPOL, STCW, MLC 2006, ITC/IHC, IMSBC, BIMCO cyber, IMO cyber guidelines, York-Antwerp Rules 2016); Top 10 underwriter actions list
- Global programme: Illustrative 5-layer tower ($750k deductible → $25m primary → $25m XS1 → $50m XS2 → $200m cat cover); H&M/war risk/LOH/TLO/builders' risk coordination table; 4 fleet owner profile cards (major tanker fleet, container line, car carrier, single-vessel SPV); P&I club interface dark info-box (hull vs P&I split, GA, IG pooling above $10m/$100m); JWC listed areas war risk table (Red Sea, Black Sea, Hormuz, Gulf of Guinea, Somali Basin, Malacca); illustrative Greek tanker fleet case study (25 vessels, $1.85bn IV, ~$8.1m total programme cost, Red Sea war risk impact)
- References: 18 primary sources (MIA 1906, SOLAS, ISM Code, MARPOL, STCW, ITC 1983, IHC 2003, York-Antwerp Rules 2016, Paris MOU annual report, CLC 1969, BIMCO cyber clause, IMO MSC-FAL.1/Circ.3, OCIMF TMSA 3, IUMI Ocean Hull Report, UNCTAD Maritime Transport Review, AGCS Safety & Shipping Review, JWC listed areas, NTSB marine reports); 6 data gap disclosures (Lloyd's GWP by risk code, hull rate benchmarks, Costa Concordia final settlement, Red Sea war risk premium volume, Dali/FSK bridge settlement, EV battery fire loading data)
- Updated hub-index.json: marine-hull entry status "planned"→"complete"; keywords expanded (40+ terms including ISM code, SOLAS, MARPOL, PSC, VLCC, Costa Concordia, Ever Given, Red Sea, BIMCO cyber, etc.)
- Updated index.html HUB_DATA: entry status→"complete"; footer v2.6→v2.7, 16→17 hubs complete

## v2.6 — April 2026
**Session: 17 April 2026**
- Mortgage, Title, Surety & Financial Guarantee hub complete (Lloyd's codes FM/TT/SB/FG) — full 9-module hub at `financial-lines-misc/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard applied throughout (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges)
- Financial/legal colour theme: `--fin:#1a3a5c`, `--fin-dark:#0d2035`, `--mortgage:#c9963a`, `--surety:#2d6b3a`, `--title:#7b2533`, `--fg:#5b21b6`, `--risk:#c0572a`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#0d2035 0%,#1a3a5c 50%,#0a1828 100%)`
- Code coverage: FM (Mortgage Indemnity Guarantee / MIG), TT (Title Insurance — owner's and lender's policy), SB (Performance, Payment, Licence & Miscellaneous Surety), FG (Financial Guarantee / Bond Insurance)
- Overview stats: ~$16bn US title insurance GWP 2022 (EST), ~$15-17bn global surety GWP (EST), 0.5-3% contract value typical surety premium (VER), near-zero standalone FG post-2008 (VER)
- Code table: FM/TT/SB/FG with primary insured, key risk, policy basis, typical limit; 6 coverage type cards (MIG, Owner's Title, Lender's Title, Performance/Payment Bonds, Licence/Misc Surety, Financial Guarantee); product differentiation info-box; market overview 5 segments
- History: 7 era blocks — Pre-1900 origins (Watson v. Muirhead 1868, first title insurer 1876, American Surety 1884); 1900-39 formalisation (Heard Act 1894, Miller Act 1935, FHA MIG 1934); 1940-70 post-war (MGIC 1957, surety expansion); 1971-89 monoline era (AMBAC 1971, MBIA 1974, FSA 1984, UK property crash 1989-93); 1990-2006 ABS wrap expansion; 2007-12 monoline collapse (AMBAC Ch11 2010, PMI Group failure 2011); 2013-present (HS2 surety, BSA 2022, AI deepfake fraud)
- Timeline: 20 events 1876-2024 — Law Title Insurance Co. (1876), Heard Act (1894), Miller Act (1935), MGIC (1957), AMBAC (1971), MBIA (1974), UK property crash (1989), AMBAC/MBIA peak (2005), sub-prime crisis begins (2007), monoline collapse (2008), AMBAC Ch11 (2010), robo-signing (2010), UK Help to Buy (2013), wire fraud surge (2020), US title peak $26bn (2021), Building Safety Act (2022), infrastructure surety crunch (2023), AI deepfake fraud (2024)
- Database: 35-event JS array 1876-2024, filterable by type (market/mortgage/title/surety/fg/regulatory), jurisdiction (USA/UK/EUROPE/GLOBAL); sortable columns, expandable descriptions
- Underwriting: MIG formula (LTV excess × base rate × property risk × portfolio adjustment); Title premium mechanics ($3-6/£1,000, simultaneous issue discount, UK 0.1-0.5%); Surety — credit analysis first (8-step process, 6 factor cards, 4-class risk matrix, PIA requirement); FG — credit quality, structural protections, monitoring; quality matrix 6×4; 2 worked examples: £8m hospital performance bond (~£8,736 ILLUS), £650,000 London leasehold title (~£5,070 ILLUS)
- Rates: Chart.js title insurance rate index 1999-2026 (1999=100); surety combined ratio line chart 2005-2026 (historically benign 65-85%); 6 market cycle narratives; 8-row sector rate grid; ROE on $500m hypothetical book: Bull +24%, Base +11%, Bear -15%
- Risk mitigation: 4 MIG cards (LTV/stress testing, affordability, arrears monitoring, valuation controls); 4 Title cards (title search, ID verification, conveyancing fraud prevention, post-completion monitoring); 4 Surety cards (financial analysis, PIAs, contract review, claims management); 4 FG cards (credit standards, concentration limits, monitoring, 2008 lessons); Top 10 actions; 10-standard regulatory table (Miller Act, MCOB 13, HMLR PG67, BSA 2022, RESPA, Solvency II, Dodd-Frank, Basel III, ICMA)
- Global programme: 4-line programme structure table; Lloyd's market role (4 firm cards: UK residential title, construction co-surety, international surety, MIG reinsurance); 5-layer £110m programme tower ILLUS; jurisdiction comparison (USA/UK/Australia/Germany/Canada/Middle East); £200m UK rail case study (~£490,000 total bonding cost) ILLUS
- References: 18 primary sources (ALTA, SFAA, HMLR PG67, FCA MCOB, BSA 2022, US Miller Act, AMBAC/MBIA filings, Assured Guaranty AR 2023, Moody's FG report, Swiss Re Sigma surety, SRA wire fraud notice, UK Finance CML survey, RICS Red Book, FCIC Final Report, ESA overview); per-module audit; 6 data gap disclosures (UK MIG portfolio, UK conveyancing fraud quantum, FG run-off ultimate loss, Lloyd's GWP split, 2023-24 contractor insolvency losses, AI deepfake fraud data)
- Updated hub-index.json: financial-lines-misc entry status "planned"→"complete"; 40+ keywords added
- Updated index.html HUB_DATA: entry status→"complete"; footer v2.5→v2.6, 15→16 hubs complete

## v2.5 — April 2026
**Session: 17 April 2026**
- PI E&O Technology & Telecom hub complete (Lloyd's codes F4/F5) — full 9-module hub at `pi-tech/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard applied throughout (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges)
- Tech colour theme: `--tech:#0f4c75`, `--tech-dark:#0a2d45`, `--digital:#1b8a8a`, `--code:#5b21b6`, `--risk:#c0572a`; header `linear-gradient(135deg,#0a2d45 0%,#0f4c75 50%,#073352 100%)`
- Code coverage: F4 (technology E&O — IT companies, software, SaaS, cloud, MSPs), F5 (telecoms PI — network operators, emergency services 999/112/911, MVNOs)
- Overview stats row: ~$15bn global tech E&O GWP (EST); ~$10bn+ economic loss from CrowdStrike July 2024 (EST); 8.5m devices affected CrowdStrike (VER); $250m+ US tech E&O GWP Lloyd's est (EST); 2-4× premium uplift for emergency services (EST); 35% CrowdStrike recalibration rate increase (EST)
- Code table: F4/F5 with key risks, typical limits, policy basis; 6 coverage type cards (Software/Code Defects, IT Project Failure, SaaS/Cloud Liability, Managed Services/MSP, Telecom Network Failure, MVNO & Resellers); Tech E&O vs Cyber interface info-box; market overview table (5 segments with GWP estimates)
- History: 7 eras — pre-1984 mainframe malpractice; 1984-99 PC/Y2K era (R v Gold 1988, NHS NPfIT begins); 2000-09 dot-com bust, Enron, Y2K claims resolve; 2010-17 SaaS disruption, cloud liability; 2017-22 MSP supply chain (SolarWinds, Kaseya), API governance; 2022-24 CrowdStrike recalibration, EU AI Act; 2024-present AI E&O, NIST SSDF
- Timeline: 20 events 1981–2024 — Intel Pentium bug (1994), Y2K hard market (1999), NHS NPfIT (2003), Heartland breach (2008), Knight Capital $440m (2012), TSB £330m (2019), SolarWinds (2020), Kaseya (2021), Log4Shell (2021), AT&T outage 2023, CrowdStrike $10bn+ (July 2024), EU AI Act (2024)
- Database: 35-event JS array 1988–2024, filterable by type (software/project/saas/telecom/regulatory/market); VER/EST confidence chips
- Underwriting: F4 rating formula (revenue × base rate × service type × client concentration × contract LoL factor); 6 factor cards (service type, client concentration, contract LoL, security practices, claims history, AI/ML loading); F5 telecom risk table (VoIP, carrier, mobile, emergency services 999 uplift 2-4×); contract limitation of liability analysis table (4 tiers none→capped); quality scoring matrix (6 areas); 2 worked examples: mid-tier SaaS £45m ARR (~£62,200 ILLUS), financial services integrator £8m ARR (~£620,000 ILLUS)
- Rates: Chart.js tech E&O rate index 1999–2026 (1999=100); 6 cycles (Y2K hard, dot-com soft, SaaS disruption/soft, cyber interface hardening, CrowdStrike recalibration 2024+, AI era); 9-row sector rate grid incl. AI/ML 1.5–4%+ (EST); Chart.js combined ratio bar chart 2014–2024 (historically benign 70–95% range); ROE on $250m GWP: Bull +26%, Base +12%, Bear -16%
- Risk mitigation: 4 SDL cards (secure dev lifecycle, change management/CrowdStrike lesson, testing standards, DR/BC); 4 F5 telecom cards (network resilience, emergency services protocols, regulatory compliance, incident response); 4 AI/ML control cards (model validation, output governance, GenAI in professional services, EU AI Act compliance); 10 underwriter top actions; 10-standard table (NIST SSDF, ISO/IEC 27001, IEC 62443, EU AI Act, Ofcom GCs, FCC 911, OWASP, GDPR, PCI DSS, ETSI EN 303 645)
- Global programme: 6-layer tower ($1m–$100m+); US vs UK/Lloyd's comparison table; 4 firm-type cards (BigTech/captive self-insure, SaaS scale-up, govt IT contractor, telecoms operator F5); cyber/tech E&O coordination scenario table (6 scenarios); $60m ARR healthcare SaaS case study ~$892,000 ILLUS
- References: 18 primary sources (CrowdStrike PIR July 2024, Delta SEC filings, FCA Final Notice TSB, NIST SSDF SP 800-218, EU AI Act Reg 2024/1689, Ofcom GCs, FCC Report/Order 911, Merck v Chubb, NHS NPfIT NAO, Knight Capital SEC filing, EY/Wirecard Audit Quality Review, SolarWinds SEC 8-K, Kaseya incident report, Log4Shell NCSC advisory, ETSI EN 303 645, ISO/IEC 27001, PCI DSS v4.0, GDPR); 6 data gap disclosures (CrowdStrike insured losses final, Delta v CrowdStrike litigation outcome, NHS NPfIT settlement details, AI E&O policy language, MSP exclusion terms, F5 emergency services premium data)
- Updated hub-index.json: pi-technology entry status "planned"→"complete"; URL corrected to `pi-tech/overview.html`; keywords expanded (35+ terms including CrowdStrike, MSP, EU AI Act, LoL clause, Ofcom, etc.)
- Updated index.html HUB_DATA: pi-technology entry status→"complete", URL→`pi-tech/overview.html`; footer v2.4→v2.5, 14→15 hubs complete

## v2.4 — April 2026
**Session: 16 April 2026**
- PI E&O hub complete (Lloyd's codes E2/E3/E4/E5) — combined hub covering legal professions and accountants/auditors at `pi-eo/`
- Both `pi-legal` (E2/E3) and `pi-accountants` (E4/E5) index entries updated to point to single combined hub at `pi-eo/overview.html`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard applied throughout (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP)
- Professional/legal colour theme: `--pi:#2c4a7a`, `--pi-dark:#1a2d4a`, `--legal:#8b5e3c`, `--accounts:#2d6b4a`, `--risk:#c0572a`, `--gold:#c9a84c`; header `#1a2d4a → #2c4a7a → #1a3560`
- Code coverage: E2 (solicitors/law firms), E3 (barristers/alternative legal), E4 (accountants/auditors), E5 (tax/financial advisers)
- Overview stats row: ~£2bn UK PI GWP (EST); SRA minimum £2–3m (VER); 6-year run-off minimum (VER); ~40% conveyancing claims (EST); £3.4bn combined KPMG/EY audit exposure (EST); ~90% claims-made (EST)
- Code table: E2/E3/E4/E5 with regulator (SRA/BSB/FRC+ICAEW/FCA), minimum cover, policy basis; 6 coverage type cards (Solicitors PI, Barristers PI, Accountants PI, Tax/Financial Adviser PI, Run-off, Excess Layer); 4 regulatory framework cards (SRA, BSB, FRC/ICAEW, FCA); market overview table (5 segments with GWP estimates and key carriers)
- History: 7 era blocks — pre-1960 common law only; 1960-79 regulatory foundations (Law Society mandatory PI 1976, Hedley Byrne 1964); 1980-89 Lloyd's PI market grows (Big Bang, FSA 1986); 1990-99 Caparo/Hall v Simons, Lloyd's R&R hard market, ARP established; 2000-09 Enron effect, SOX, IFA/FOS wave; 2010-19 Jackson Reforms, BSPS, Carillion; 2020-present COVID claims, EY/Wirecard, ARGA audit reform
- Timeline: 20 events 1932–2024 — Donoghue v Stevenson (1932), Hedley Byrne (1964), Law Society mandatory PI (1976), Big Bang (1986), Caparo (1990), Lloyd's R&R (1992), ARP (1999), Hall v Simons (2000), Enron/Andersen (2001), FOS (2001), Legal Services Act ABS (2007), Jackson Reforms (2013), BHS/PwC (2016), BSPS (2017), Carillion/KPMG (2018), SRA limit increase (2019), EY/Wirecard (2020), Manchester Building Society v GT (2021), FCA BSPS enforcement (2022), ARGA (2024); all VER or EST
- Database: 35-event JS array 1964–2024 — filterable by type (legal/accounts/financial/regulatory/market), jurisdiction (UK/USA/Europe/Global), year band, min loss; sortable; VER/EST confidence chips; note on claims data opacity
- Underwriting: E2/E3 rating formula (fee income × base rate × work type × claims history); 6 factor cards (work type mix, firm size, claims history, SRA compliance, AML controls, excess layer loading); E4/E5 distinct formulae; 4-class practice area risk table; 8-step underwriting process; quality scoring matrix (6 areas × G/A/R); run-off calculation (200–350% of last premium); 2 worked examples: 8-partner firm E2 (~£76,500 ILLUS); Top-20 accountancy firm E4 (~£335,500 ILLUS)
- Rates: Chart.js UK PI rate index 1990–2026 (1990=100); 6 market cycles (Lloyd's formation, R&R hard, competition soft, Enron hard, Jackson soft, BSPS/COVID hard); sector rate grid 8 segments; Chart.js combined ratio bar chart 2014–2024 (spike 2020–21 = BSPS + COVID); ROE scenarios on £150m GWP: Bull +24.0% (80% CR), Base +9.0% (95% CR), Bear -14.0% (118% CR)
- Risk mitigation: 4 quality management cards (file management, supervision, financial controls, technical standards); 4 E4/E5 specific cards (audit quality, tax advice documentation, financial adviser suitability/QPTS, complaints handling); AML controls table (8 controls); top 10 risk actions; 10-standard reference table (SRA, BSB, FCA COBS, FRC ISAs, ISA 570, FCA PS21/3, ICAEW Ethics, BSB Handbook, GDPR, MLR 2017)
- Global programme: 6-layer programme tower; SRA QI scheme (4 cards: QI status, AMTC, ARP, run-off); international comparison table (UK QI vs US admitted vs Lloyd's excess); 4 firm-type cards (Magic Circle, mid-tier national, Big 4/Top 6, IFA networks); illustrative Top-50 law firm case study (30 partners, £18m fees, £40m total limit, ~£379,300 ILLUS); Lloyd's advantages (5 items)
- References: 4-tier badge legend; May 2025 cutoff; 18 primary sources (SRA AMTC, BSB, FRC, FCA, ICAEW, Caparo [1990], Hall v Simons [2000], Manchester BS v GT [2021], Jackson Review, SRA AML, MLR 2017, Marsh, WTW, FCA PS21/3, FCA BSPS Thematic Review, FRC KPMG notice, Companies Act 2006); per-module audit (8 modules); 6 data gap disclosures (E2–E5 GWP split, BSPS aggregate, Big 4 programme costs, EY/Wirecard final settlement, AI legal liability, SRA ARP premium data)
- Updated hub-index.json: both pi-legal and pi-accountants entries status "planned" → "complete"; URL updated to `pi-eo/overview.html`; keywords expanded
- Updated index.html HUB_DATA: both entries status → "complete"; footer v2.3→v2.4, 13→14 hubs complete

## v2.3 — April 2026
**Session: 16 April 2026**
- Transactional Liability hub complete (Lloyd's codes D8/D9/TA/TB/CD/CE) — full 9-module hub at `transactional-liability/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard applied throughout (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges)
- Deal/finance colour theme: `--tl:#1e3a5f`, `--tl-dark:#0d1f33`, `--deal:#c9a84c`, `--tax:#2563a8`, `--contingent:#6b3fa0`, `--warn:#d97706`; header gradient `#0d1f33 → #1e3a5f → #0a2040`
- Code coverage: D8 (buyer W&I), D9 (seller W&I), TA (tax liability known risk), TB (tax liability contingent), CD (contingent liability), CE (contingent risk — general)
- Overview stats row: ~$15bn annual W&I/R&W limits deployed (EST), 5,500+ W&I transactions 2023 (EST), ~3% avg W&I premium rate (EST), $5tn+ M&A peak 2021 (VER), 30+ years Lloyd's W&I market (EST), ~90% PE buyouts using W&I in Europe (EST)
- History: 7 era blocks — Pre-1990 escrow era; 1990-99 first Lloyd's policies (8–12% of limit, niche); 2000-07 European PE adoption, GWP grows to ~£300m; 2008-12 GFC first claims wave, financial statement rep exclusions; 2013-18 NBI revolution, US R&W explosion, premium falls to 2–2.5%; 2019-22 COVID ($300bn deal collapse), SPAC boom, hardening (15–25% rate rise), cyber rep exclusions; 2023-present all-time high claims frequency (~20–25% notification rate), AI reps, Pillar Two UTPR, PFAS CE
- Timeline: 20 events 1990–2024 — first Lloyd's W&I policy (1990), TRIPS/SOX/GDPR regulatory events, pre-GFC M&A peak (2007), GFC claims wave (2008), NBI structure emerges (2012), US R&W inflection (2014), TCJA GILTI/BEAT (2017), GDPR enforcement (2018), COVID MAC rep claims (2020), SPAC boom (2020), record M&A $5.8tn (2021), rate hardening/cyber exclusions (2022), all-time claims frequency (2023), Pillar Two (2023), PFAS CE surge (2024), AI reps (2024)
- Loss database: 35-event JS array 1990–2024 — filterable by type (wi/tax/contingent/regulatory/market), jurisdiction (USA/UK/Europe/Global/Asia-Pacific), year band, minimum loss and keyword; sortable columns; VER/EST confidence chips; info-box on data opacity of TL claims
- Underwriting: Claims-made basis; W&I rating formula (Base Rate × Deal Factor × Jurisdiction Factor × Sector Factor); 6 factor cards (deal type, jurisdiction, sector, deal size, retention, policy limit); NBI structure explainer; 8-step underwriting process table; TA/TB tax liability underwriting framework (7 tax risk categories with premiums); quality scoring matrix (6 areas × Green/Amber/Red); 2 worked examples: UK tech PE buyout £120m EV W&I (£828,000 ILLUS), UK TA group relief £8m (£320,000 ILLUS)
- Rates analysis: Chart.js W&I rate index 1995–2026 (1995=100); 6 market cycle cards (niche/formation, PE adoption, GFC claims, NBI race-to-bottom, COVID hardening, stabilisation); sector rate grid 8 segments; Chart.js combined ratio bar chart 2015–2024; ROE scenarios on £200m GWP: Bull +22.0% (82% CR), Base +6.0% (98% CR), Bear -21.0% (125% CR)
- Risk mitigation: 4 DD quality framework cards (financial QoE, legal, tax, IT/cyber); VDR completeness checklist table (15 document categories); 4 rep negotiation cards (broad vs narrow, knowledge qualifiers, materiality thresholds, disclosure letter); 4 tax risk control cards (pre-transaction clearances, BEPS Action 13 TP docs, limitation periods, tax counsel opinion); top 10 risk actions; 10-standard reference table
- Global programme: 6-layer programme tower (CD/CE, TB XL, TB primary, D8 XL, D8 primary, SIR); 4 deal structure cards (wrap, US R&W + non-US W&I, tax spine, D9 seller-side); US R&W vs European W&I comparison (11-feature table); transaction types by size table (5 deal types ILLUS); captive/alternative structures (annual facility, captive fronting, synthetic R&W, parametric tax); illustrative pan-European 5-country PE buyout (€420m EV, ~€3.6m total programme ILLUS); Lloyd's advantages (5 items)
- References: 4-tier badge legend; May 2025 cutoff; 18 primary sources; per-module confidence audit (8 modules); 6 data gap disclosures (GWP by code, claims frequency, average paid claim, tax claims opacity, NBI adoption date, Pillar Two UTPR)
- Updated hub-index.json: TL entry status "planned" → "complete"; expanded 35+ keywords
- Updated index.html HUB_DATA: TL entry status "planned" → "complete"; footer v2.2→v2.3, 12→13 hubs complete, Transactional Liability added to complete list

## v2.2 — April 2026
**Session: 16 April 2026**
- Environmental Liability hub complete (Lloyd's code EP) — full 9-module hub at `environmental-liability/`
- 9 modules built: overview, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard applied throughout (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges)
- Green/earth colour theme: `--env:#2d6a4a`, `--env-dark:#1a3d1a`, `--earth:#7a4f2a`, `--water:#1a6a8a`, `--hazard:#c0572a`, `--gold:#c9a84c`; header gradient `#0d2d10 → #1a4a2a → #0d3020`
- Code coverage: EP (environmental impairment liability — PLL, CPL, NRD, RCC, EPL, Transportation)
- Overview stats row: ~$8bn global GWP (EST), ~3,200 Superfund sites (VER), EPA MCL 4ppt PFAS (VER), $400bn+ industry PFAS liability (EST), 39+ years standalone EIL market
- History: 7 era blocks 1969–present — pre-1970 common law/nuisance only; 1970s Clean Air/Water Acts + EPA (1970); 1980-85 CERCLA Superfund + Love Canal catalyst; 1986-95 absolute pollution exclusion ISO CGL, Exxon Valdez $900m+; 1996-2009 brownfields renaissance + EU ELD 2004; 2010-20 Deepwater Horizon $65bn+; 2020-present PFAS crisis (3M $10.3bn, DuPont $1.185bn, EPA MCL April 2024, East Palestine Feb 2023)
- Timeline: 20 events 1969–2024 with 6 dot colours (pollution, regulatory, nrd, chemical, pfas, industrial). Key events: Cuyahoga River fire (1969), Love Canal (1978), CERCLA (1980), Times Beach dioxin (1983), Bhopal (1984), ISO absolute pollution exclusion (1986), Sandoz Rhine spill (1986), Exxon Valdez (1989), OPA 90 (1990), PG&E Hinkley $333m (1996), EU ELD (2004), Deepwater Horizon (2010), Enbridge Kalamazoo $1.2bn (2010), Flint water crisis $600m (2014), VW Dieselgate $33bn (2015), Aliso Canyon methane (2015), GenX PFAS discovery (2018), Camp Lejeune Claims Act (2022), 3M PFAS $10.3bn (2023), DuPont $1.185bn (2023), EPA MCL 4ppt (2024)
- Loss database: 35-event JS array — filterable by type (pollution/regulatory/nrd/chemical/pfas/industrial), jurisdiction (USA/Europe/Global/Other), year band, minimum loss and keyword; sortable columns; VER/EST confidence chips per event
- Underwriting: Claims-made basis rationale; Phase I/II/III ESA framework (ASTM E1527-21); PLL rating formula (Base Rate × Site Factor × Industry Factor × Coverage Period Factor × Limits Factor); 6 underwriting factor cards; PLL vs CPL comparison table; 5-class industry risk banding (Class I pharma/R&D to Class V active hazardous waste sites); Phase I/II ESA review checklist; 2 worked examples: brownfield dry cleaner PLL (~$28,500 ILLUS), CPL contractor coverage (~$180,000 ILLUS); quality scoring matrix; exclusions table (gradual bio-degradation, known conditions, wilful pollution, asbestos/lead/LGO, nuclear, war)
- Rates analysis: Chart.js EIL rate index 1986–2026 (1986=100); 6 market cycles (creation 1986-91, maturation 1992-99, post-9/11 hardening 2000-06, brownfields softening 2007-11, PFAS/COVID repricing 2012-18, current selective hardening 2019-26); sector rate grid 8 segments (UST remediation lowest at 0.15–0.40% to hazardous waste sites highest at 0.55–1.20%); combined ratio table 2010–2026 (best ~85% in 2013, worst ~118% in 2021 PFAS year); Chart.js bar chart; ROE scenarios on $500m GWP: Bull +17.5% (78% CR), Base −4.2% (102% CR), Bear −29.0% (132% CR)
- Risk mitigation: Phase I/II/III site assessment controls; ISO 14001:2015 EMS framework (4 cards: context, planning, support, evaluation); SPCC Plan requirements (40 CFR Part 112); UST compliance (40 CFR Part 280); PFAS controls (AFFF replacement, source control, MCL compliance monitoring, liability assessment); contaminated site controls (ASR, MNA, institutional controls, deed restrictions); quality scoring matrix (6 areas); top 10 risk management actions; 10-standard reference table (ISO 14001, ASTM E1527-21, 40 CFR 112, 40 CFR 280, RCRA, OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120, ISO 14044 LCA, EPA PFAS Blueprint, EU ELD 2004/35/CE, UK EDR 2009)
- Global programme: 5-layer programme tower (CAT XL → XL Layer 2 → XL Layer 1 → EIL primary → SIR); portfolio/multi-site structure (Master EIL, per-site sublimits, scheduled vs blanket); US vs European regulatory table; transaction EIL (M&A PLL, RCC for pre-agreed cleanups, seller representations); captive/alternative structures; government and municipality coverage; illustrative petroleum retailer case study (85 gas stations, 42 states, PLL $1.8m + CPL $0.65m + RCC $0.75m + XL1 $0.92m + XL2 $0.85m = ~$4.97m total programme ILLUS); Lloyd's competitive advantages table (7 items)
- References: 4-tier badge legend; May 2025 knowledge cutoff; 18 primary sources with URLs; per-module confidence audit (8 modules); 6 data gap disclosures (global GWP by code, PFAS $400bn+ estimate, rate benchmark precision, EU ELD national claims data, Camp Lejeune final settlement, PFAS exclusion wording evolution)
- Updated hub-index.json: EP entry status "planned" → "complete"; expanded keywords (CERCLA, Superfund, Phase I/II ESA, PLL, CPL, NRD, RCC, PFAS, Deepwater Horizon, Love Canal, claims-made, EU ELD, OPA, RCRA, contractors pollution, remediation cost cap)
- Updated index.html HUB_DATA: EP entry status "planned" → "complete"; footer v2.1→v2.2, 11→12 hubs complete, Environmental Liability added to complete list

## v2.1 — April 2026
**Session: 16 April 2026**
- **Hub naming convention change:** All hub entry pages renamed from `index.html` → `overview.html` across all 11 completed hubs (12 files renamed). Rationale: eliminates confusion between root `index.html` (main search page) and per-hub overview pages. Root `index.html` unchanged — required for GitHub Pages. Internal nav/breadcrumb links updated across ~95 HTML files; `hub-index.json` and root `index.html` HUB_DATA URLs updated. Going forward all new hub overview pages must be named `overview.html`.
- Space hub complete (Lloyd's codes SC/SL/SO) — full 9-module hub at `space/`
- 9 modules built: index, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Dark space theme: `background:linear-gradient(135deg,#0a0a2a,#1a1a4a,#0d2240)` with radial glow; colours: `--space:#1a1a4a`, `--orbit:#4a90d9`, `--launch:#e05c2a`, `--sat:#2d8a6a`
- Code coverage: SC (pre-launch construction, $50–600m limits), SL (launch + LEOP 180 days, $100–600m), SO (in-orbit annual, $50–500m per satellite)
- Overview stats row: ~$700m GWP (EST), 2000+ active satellites (VER), 6500+ Starlink (VER), ~2% in-orbit annual rate (EST), ~$3.5bn 1998-99 losses (EST), $60bn+ industry (EST)
- History: 7 era blocks 1957–present — Sputnik/Early Bird first policy 1965, Intelsat/Outer Space Treaty/Liability Convention, Challenger/Arianespace expansion, 1998-99 catastrophe year (combined ratio ~500%), hard market recovery, Falcon 9 revolution (first flight 2010, first stage recovery December 2015), debris/ASAT/FCC reform era
- Timeline: 17 events 1986–2024 — Challenger (1986), Ariane 5 Cluster II loss ($370m, 1996), Long March 3B (1996), Galaxy 4 (1998), 1998-99 catastrophe cluster (~$3.5bn aggregate), Iridium bankruptcy (1999), Chinese ASAT (2007), Iridium-Cosmos collision (2009), Falcon 9 recovery (2015), Amos-6 explosion ($196m, 2016), Russia ASAT/Cosmos 1408 (2021), FCC 5-year deorbit rule (2023); all key events VER
- Loss database: 35 events JS array 1958–2024 — filterable by type (launch/orbit/debris/weather/regulatory/newspace), orbit (GEO/LEO/MEO/HEO/lunar/ground), year band and minimum loss; sortable columns; VER/EST confidence chips per event; notable entries: Palapa B2/Westar 6 ($180m), Challenger ($500m), 1999 catastrophe cluster, Telstar 401 solar storm ($230m), Amos-6 ($196m), Viasat-3 Americas ($420m)
- Underwriting: Launch formula (Insured Value × Base Rate × Vehicle Reliability Factor × Mission Complexity × Satellite Heritage); 6 SL factor cards (vehicle reliability 1.5–12%, reuse loading, LEOP complexity, bus heritage, launch site, orbit type); launch vehicle benchmark table (Falcon 9 1.5–3%, Ariane 6 3–6%, Atlas V 2–3.5%, Proton-M 4–8%, Long March 3B 3.5–6%, Electron 4–7%, Starship 8–15%+, New Glenn 5–10%); SO formula (Current Insured Value × Base In-Orbit Rate × Age Factor × Redundancy Factor × Orbit Environment); 4 SO factor cards; partial loss valuation table (transponder/capacity, life reduction, power degradation, CTL threshold); quality scoring matrix (6 areas × Green/Amber/Red); two worked examples: GEO SL Ariane 6 (~$13.5m ILLUS), GEO SO Boeing 601HP year 8 (~$4.1m ILLUS); exclusions (cyber/command, ASAT/war, deliberate sacrifice, wear & tear, commercial failure, experimental missions)
- Rates analysis: Chart.js GEO launch rate index 1995–2026 (1995=100); 6 market cycles (moderate 1990-97, catastrophe hard 1998–2001 with ~3–5× rate increase, recovery 2002–08, soft/ITAR 2009–14, Falcon 9 disruption 2015–20, selective hardening 2020–26); sector rate grid (8 segments: GEO mid-life SO 1.5–2.5% to deep space/lunar 4–12%+); combined ratio table 2000–2026 (best 65% in 2002, worst 140% in 2023 Viasat-3 year); Chart.js bar chart; ROE scenarios on $200m GWP: Bull +22.3% (72% CR), Base +6.0% (95% CR), Bear −29.4% (145% CR); capital allocation 120% GWP (binary/high-severity profile)
- Risk mitigation: Space debris mitigation (IADC guidelines, FCC 5-year deorbit, passivation, conjunction avoidance); debris compliance framework (4 cards: pre-launch, launch phase, in-orbit, non-compliance indicators); mega-constellation controls table (Starlink/OneWeb/Kuiper); Kessler syndrome warning box; ASAT & electronic warfare (kinetic ASAT, jamming/spoofing, co-orbital/proximity ops, 4 cards); satellite system redundancy by subsystem (power, ADCS, transponder, propulsion, OBC, single-point failure); partial loss threshold by redundancy table; ground segment cybersecurity (command link, MCC, telemetry, user terminal); Viasat KA-SAT cyberattack reference; cyber/space insurance interface warning box; ground security standards table (NIST, CCSDS, ECSS, ISO 27001, NSA/CISA); space weather monitoring (SEP, geomagnetic storms Dst, ESD/surface charging, SEE/SAA); space weather monitoring protocol table (5 threat types); Solar Cycle 25 market implication box; quality scoring matrix (6 areas); 10 standards reference table; top 10 operator risk actions
- Global programme: 7-layer programme tower (CAT XL/umbrella, XL Layer 2, XL Layer 1, SO in-orbit, SL launch+LEOP, SC construction, SIR); integrated lifecycle advantages info-box; major operator fleet table (Intelsat, SES, Viasat, Eutelsat); government/agency cards (NASA, ESA, UK Space Agency, DoD); mega-constellation portfolio cover (4 cards + constellation tier table); third-party liability section (surface/absolute, launch TPL, in-orbit collision, government backstop); FAA MPL framework box; captive/alternative structures (captive, parametric, LTA profit sharing, in-orbit life extension); illustrative GEO fleet case study (8-satellite mid-tier operator — construction $1.1m + launch $13.3m + SO fleet $15.3m + XL1 $1.75m + XL2 $1.8m + TPL $0.5m = ~$33.8m total programme ILLUS); Lloyd's competitive advantages table (7 items)
- References: 4-tier badge legend; knowledge cutoff box (May 2025); 18 primary sources with URLs (UN Treaties, IADC, FCC, ITU, ISO, UK Space Industry Act, US CSL Act, NSA/CISA, NOAA SWPC, Swiss Re, Marsh, Space-Track.org, ESA, Lloyd's, ECSS, Kessler original 1978 paper, NASA ODQN); per-module confidence audit table (8 modules); 6 data gap disclosures (GWP by code, 1998-99 aggregate losses, actual launch rate benchmarks, Viasat-3 settlement, mega-constellation pricing, combined ratio data)
- Updated hub-index.json: Space entry status "planned" → "complete"; expanded description and keywords
- Updated index.html HUB_DATA: Space entry status "planned" → "complete"; footer v2.0→v2.1, 10→11 hubs complete, Space added to complete list

## v2.0 — April 2026
**Session: 16 April 2026**
- UK Household Property hub complete (Lloyd's code HP) — full 9-module hub at `uk-household/`
- 9 modules built: index, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program, references
- Lightweight citations standard applied throughout (VER/EST/ILLUS/GAP confidence badges inline on all claims)
- Hub context: Lloyd's HP is specialist market — HNW, non-standard construction (listed, thatched, timber frame, pre-cast concrete), flood-risk, let/holiday/unoccupied properties. Standard mass market (Direct Line, Aviva, Admiral) is outside Lloyd's scope.
- Coverage structure: buildings (BCIS agreed/rebuild value), contents (new-for-old, blanket HNW), fine art/jewellery (scheduled, agreed value), liability (occupiers, employer's, personal up to £50m HNW), legal expenses, home emergency, all-risks extension
- History: 9 era blocks from 1666 Great Fire (Nicholas Barbon, Fire Office) through mutual era, building society/mortgage tie, mass-market emergence, Great Storm 1987 (£2bn), subsidence crisis 1989–1995 (£3bn cumulative), PCW revolution, summer 2007 floods (£3bn), Flood Re 2016, FCA GIPP January 2022, BCIS inflation and net zero retrofit risks 2022–present
- Timeline: 18 events 1987–2024 — Great Storm 1987 (£2bn), Burns Day 1990 (£3bn), subsidence crisis, autumn 2000 floods (£1bn), 2007 floods (£3bn), direct line vs PCW era, Flood Re 2016, Desmond/Eva/Frank 2015 (£1.3bn), FCA GIPP 2022, Storm Eunice (£400m), summer 2022 subsidence (40.3°C), Storm Babet 2023, Storm Ciaran 2023
- Claims database: 35 events as searchable JS array — filter by peril type (storm/flood/subsidence/fire/regulatory), region, year band, minimum loss; sort by year/event/peril/loss; VER/EST confidence column per event
- Underwriting: BCIS rebuild cost basis formula; 6 factor cards (base rate, occupancy, EA Zone 2/3 flood loadings, BGS shrink-swell subsidence, tree proximity); non-standard construction table (7 types: thatched, listed, timber frame, pre-cast concrete, steel frame, flat roof, converted); contents rating (SI basis, single article limits, all-risks); HNW methodology comparison (standard vs HNW: agreed value, blanket cover, fine art thresholds, fine art/jewellery rating table); Flood Re mechanics table (eligibility, council tax band cession estimates, £250 excess, 2039 transition); post-2009 cliff-edge warning box; quality scoring matrix (6 control areas × Green/Amber/Red); two worked examples: Oxfordshire Grade II farmhouse (~£5,240 + IPT) and Kensington Grade II* townhouse (~£19,235 + IPT); exclusions table (7 items including EV charging gap)
- Rates analysis: Chart.js estimated rate index 2000–2026 (2000=100); 7 market cycle phases (post-2000 flood hardening, PCW softening, 2007 flood reset, benign 2009–2014, Flood Re 2016 structural change, GIPP reform 2022, BCIS inflation hardening); FCA GIPP deep-dive box (6m customers, £1.2bn loyalty penalty, 3m home, structural market reset); combined ratio table 2010–2026 (15 rows: 87% best year 2016, 110% worst year 2023); sector rate grid (7 segments from standard £0.90/£1k to unoccupied £3–£8/£1k); ROE scenarios on £500m GWP: Bull +27.6% (88% CR), Base +8.8% (99% CR), Bear −23.6% (118% CR); Chart.js combined ratio bar chart (green/red colour-coded by breakeven)
- Risk mitigation: flood resilience (PFR framework, CIRIA C790 — resistance: flood doors, air brick covers, non-return valves, sump/pump, raised electrics; resilience: flood-resilient flooring, lime plaster, raised white goods); EA/JBA flood monitoring; subsidence management (tree management, drainage, foundation investigation, underpinning); fire controls (standard, thatched, listed building specific); security (BS EN 50131 alarm, BS 3621 locks, SBD, CCTV, safe grades); non-standard maintenance obligations; net zero retrofit emerging risks (heat pump fires, solar PV arc faults, EV charging thermal runaway, EWI/cladding BR 135); top 10 risk actions for HP insureds; standards table (10 standards: SBD, BS3621, BS EN 50131, BS5839-6, CIRIA C790, MCS, OZEV/OLEV, BR135, BGS, EA Flood Map)
- Global programmes: UHNW multi-property programme tower (6 layers: SIR → primary UK → local admitted overseas → XL1 → XL2 → umbrella); 6 jurisdiction profiles (UK, France with Cat Nat, Italy with earthquake exclusion, Switzerland with KGV cantonal monopoly, USA with NFIP/surplus lines/California wildfire, Caribbean with hurricane/demand surge); landlord portfolio structures (4 tiers: single BTL → portfolio → large → property company/captive); captive structures for UHNW (segregated account/PCC, single-parent captive, family office risk pool with thresholds and cost estimates); UHNW illustrative case study (5 properties UK/France/Italy/New York — ~£61,300 indicative programme premium); DIC structuring table (4 applications: France Cat Nat gaps, Italy earthquake, US deductible differences, worldwide fine art blanket); Lloyd's programme advantages table
- References: 4-tier confidence badge legend; 10 primary sources with citation URLs (FCA PS21/5, Water Act 2014, Flood Re scheme, EA Flood Map, HMRC IPT, ABI, BCIS, BGS, Lloyd's, MHCLG EHS, Met Office, CIRIA, JBA, RICS); per-module confidence audit table (7 modules × 5 columns); 5 known data gap disclosures; version history
- Updated hub-index.json: HP entry added (Property group, status complete, url uk-household/index.html)
- Updated index.html HUB_DATA: HP entry added; footer updated v1.9→v2.0, 9→10 hubs complete
- Methodology page already exists at methodology.html (built v1.9); nav link added across all HP modules

## v1.9 — April 2026
**Session: 15 April 2026**
- Aviation hub complete (Lloyd's codes H2, H3, L2, L3, AO, AP) — combined into single hub at `aviation/`
- 8 modules built: index, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program
- History module was already built in previous session; timeline, database also pre-existing; underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program built this session
- Coverage structure: H2 airline hull (agreed value, all risks), H3 GA/corporate hull, L2 airline CSL liability (Montreal Convention, $1.5bn–$2.5bn CSL standard), L3 GA/corporate liability, AO aerospace products liability (claims-made, OEM exposure rating), AP airport owners & operators
- Loss database: 35 major events 1974–2024 — Tenerife (1977, 583 killed), Lockerbie (1988, $500m), 9/11 (2001, $2.5bn), MH370 (2014, $630m), MH17 (2014, war risk), 737 MAX crashes (2018–2019, $1.2bn AO), Russia leasing dispute (2022, $8bn+ unresolved), Haneda collision (2024), Boeing door plug blowout (2024)
- History: 7 era blocks from Lloyds of London first aviation policy 1911 through WWI/WWII, jet age, Chicago Convention, Montreal Convention 1999, 9/11 market collapse, 737 MAX/COVID reset, to Russia leasing dispute and GPS spoofing 2024
- Timeline: 18+ events with colour-coded dots (crash/war/product/atm/leasing/cyber)
- Underwriting: H2 hull ROL formula (0.25%–1.50% fleet value); L2 liability seat-departure methodology; AO products exposure rating; AP passenger throughput rating; 12 rating factor cards (hull/liability/products/airport); quality scoring matrix (6 control areas × Green/Amber/Red); two worked examples (IOSA European airline $10.7m and corporate Falcon 8X/helicopter $1.82m); key exclusions table (8 exclusions including war risk AVN48B, wear & tear, cyber/GPS spoofing)
- Rates analysis: Chart.js H2 hull and L2 liability rate index 2000–2026 (2000=100); 8-phase market cycle table (1997 soft through 2022 Russia dispute); combined ratio Chart.js bar chart 2010–2026 (red=above 100%); sector ROL grid (8 operator types from 0.20% network airline to 3.50% EMS helicopter); ROE scenarios: Bull +18.4%, Base +9.8%, Bear −19.2% (on $500m GWP portfolio)
- Risk mitigation: 9 control tier cards (SMS/CRM/MRO/FDM/FRMS/security/products QMS/airports/training) with underwriting rate credit indicators; IOSA 7-section breakdown with underwriting relevance; aviation risk quality scoring matrix; standards reference table (9 standards: ICAO, IOSA, IS-BAO, BARS, EASA 145, AS9100, MSG-3, ACI APEX, IATA DGR); GPS spoofing dark box (2024 state-sponsored attacks); mental health/Germanwings warning; top 7 actions for insureds
- Global programmes: 7-layer tower (SIR → primary H2+L2 → 3 excess liability layers → war risk AVN52H → AO products); 6 jurisdiction profiles (USA, UK, EU, China, UAE/Gulf, Brazil/LatAm); limit scenarios table (7 scenarios from turbulence injuries $50m to 9/11-equivalent government backstop); war risk structuring section (AVN52E 7-day cancellation, government backstop history); special structuring table (6 transaction types: M&A, operating lease, S&LB, codeshare, ACMI wet lease, Chapter 11); Emirates illustrative case study ($85m–$120m estimated annual programme cost)
- Updated hub-index.json: consolidated aviation-hull + aviation-liability into single "aviation" entry, status "complete", url "aviation/index.html", expanded keywords
- Updated index.html HUB_DATA: aviation entry "complete" with correct url; footer updated to v1.9 — 9 hubs complete

## v1.8 — April 2026
**Session: 14 April 2026**
- Employment Practices Liability (EPLI) hub complete (Lloyd's codes D6, D7)
- 8 modules built: index, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program
- Coverage structure: wrongful termination, discrimination (Title VII/ADEA/ADA/FEHA), sexual harassment, retaliation (fastest-growing category), failure to promote, pay equity; third party EPL extension; wage & hour defence sublimit (typically sub-limited or excluded); claims-made basis
- Loss database: 35 claims 1994–2024 — Coca-Cola racial discrimination ($192.5m), Texaco ($176m), Novartis Pharma ($175m), Goldman Sachs pay equity ($215m), Bank of America/Merrill Lynch ($160m), Google gender pay ($118m), Sterling Jewelers/Signet ($175m), McDonald's Easterbrook clawback ($105m), Tesla racial harassment ($137m before reduction), Activision Blizzard ($54m), Morgan Stanley ($54m)
- History: 7 era blocks from Civil Rights Act 1964 and EPLI market creation post-Civil Rights Act 1991, through Anita Hill/Clarence Thomas hearings, Faragher/Ellerth (1998), GFC wrongful termination wave (2008–2010), wage & hour California era (2009–2016), #MeToo (2017–2019), COVID FMLA/retaliation surge (2020), to AI hiring tools and pay transparency laws (2024)
- Timeline: 18 events 1986–2024 with colour-coded dots (statutory/SCOTUS/settlement/regulatory/cultural/international)
- Underwriting: 12 rating factor cards; D6 vs D7 coverage structure comparison table; sector rate index (financial services/media Very High → professional services Lower); California FEHA/PAGA/SB 1343 warning box; two worked examples: US tech company D6 ($838k, 850 employees, San Francisco + NYC) and UK financial services D7 (£229k, 320 employees, FCA-regulated, 1 prior ET claim); Faragher/Ellerth affirmative defence checklist
- Rates analysis: Chart.js rate index 2000–2026 (large employer D6 / SME D6 / D7 UK, 2000=100); 8-phase market cycle table; settlement severity distribution chart; ROE scenarios: Bull 19.2%, Base 9.4%, Bear −13.6%; IBNR and reserve development context (shorter tail than D&O; class action exception)
- Risk mitigation: 9 HR control cards with rate credit indicators; Faragher/Ellerth 5-step affirmative defence process; EPLI risk quality scoring matrix (6 control areas × Green/Amber/Red); termination best practices 7-step checklist; retaliation warning box (fastest-growing EPLI claim type); #MeToo underwriting transformation context (executive conduct warranty, clawback coverage, culture attestation)
- Global programmes: 4-layer programme tower (SIR → D6 primary $5m → D7 local admitted → DIC top-up); 6 jurisdiction profiles (USA/UK/EU/Australia/Canada/Asia-Pacific); employment event structuring table (acquisition/RIF/spin-off/Chapter 11/IPO/C-suite change); UK Employment Rights Bill 2024 warning (day-one unfair dismissal rights, +25–40% D7 exposure); TechScale Global cross-border case study (US ADEA class action + UK ET cluster + Germany works council)
- Updated hub-index.json: EPLI status "complete"; expanded keywords
- Updated index.html HUB_DATA and footer (v1.8)

## v1.7 — April 2026
**Session: 14 April 2026**
- Directors & Officers (D&O) hub complete (Lloyd's codes D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, DA, DB, DD)
- 8 modules built: index, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program
- Coverage structure: Side A (personal, non-indemnified, nil SIR always), Side B (company reimbursement), Side C (entity securities, listed only), EPL (DA/DB), Fiduciary (DD), Side A DIC/XS
- Loss database: 35 claims 2001–2024 — Enron ($2.85bn), WorldCom ($6.13bn), Tyco ($2.92bn), AIG GFC ($450m), Lehman, WaMu FDIC, BP Deepwater Horizon ($175m), VW Dieselgate (€9bn shareholder), Theranos ($926m), Boeing ($237m derivative), FTX ($8bn+), SVB 2023, Cornell ERISA excessive fee class action
- History: 7 era blocks from Securities Acts 1933/1934 and Cuthbert Heath first Lloyd's D&O policy (1934), through S&L crisis, PSLRA 1995, Enron/WorldCom/SOX 2002, GFC/Dodd-Frank 2010, to cyber D&O, SPAC boom 2020–2021, ESG/greenwashing claims, FTX and AI governance 2022–present
- Timeline: 16 events 2001–2024 with colour-coded dots (major/fraud/regulatory/FI/ESG/SPAC)
- Underwriting: 12 rating factor cards; D1–DD coverage structure table; 8 key exclusions (insured vs insured, personal profit, fraud, BI/PD, prior litigation, ERISA, professional services, pollution); ROL formula; two worked examples: UK FTSE 250 Industrial D3 (£5,180 total) and US NASDAQ Tech D1 ($411,025 total with Side A DIC); SPAC warning box; FI D&O (D5) context box
- Rates analysis: Chart.js dual-line rate index 2012–2026 (D1 crimson / D3 purple / D2 blue, 2012=100); 8-phase market cycle table; settlement size distribution chart (7 buckets <$10m to $500m+); ROE scenarios: Bull 20.1%, Base 10.6%, Bear −14.8%; long-tail reserving context (3–4 year average time to settlement)
- Risk mitigation: 8 governance best practice cards with rate credit indicators; 6-control governance scoring table (Green/Amber/Red); securities disclosure obligations grid; EPL 5-control mitigation table; ERISA/Fiduciary excessive fee best practices; "storm warnings" doctrine box
- Global programmes: 6-layer programme tower (SIR → primary $25m → 3 excess layers → Side A DIC $50m); 6 jurisdiction profiles (USA, UK, EU, Australia, Canada, Asia-Pacific); M&A transaction table (6 event types: acquisition, IPO, SPAC, Chapter 11, spin-off); run-off gap warning; Rio Tinto cross-jurisdiction case study (LSE+ASX dual-listed, simultaneous SEC/DOJ/FCA/ASIC action)
- Updated hub-index.json: d-and-o status "complete"; url "d-and-o/index.html"; expanded keywords

## v1.6 — April 2026
**Session: 10 April 2026**
- Cyber hub complete (Lloyd's codes CY, CZ, CG, CH)
- 7 modules built: index, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program
- Loss database: 35 incidents 2013–2024 — Change Healthcare ($1.5bn+), CrowdStrike outage ($5.4bn economic), NotPetya/Maersk ($300m+), NotPetya/Merck ($1.4bn), MOVEit/Clop (3,500+ orgs), Colonial Pipeline ($4.4m ransom), MGM Resorts ($100m), Kaseya/REvil (1,500+ MSP clients)
- History: 7 era blocks from Y2K/Tech PI (1995–2000) through Beazley first standalone product, retail/healthcare breach era, Target/Sony/nation-state attacks, WannaCry/NotPetya systemic risk discovery, RaaS crisis/hardening 2019–2022, to stabilisation/AI/Change Healthcare 2022–present
- Timeline: 18+ events with colour-coded dots (red=major loss, purple=nation-state, blue=criminal RaaS)
- Underwriting: CY/CZ/CG/CH coverage structures, sublimit architecture table, 12 rating factor cards, security control scoring framework (7 controls × Green/Amber/Red), ROL methodology with formula, two worked examples (UK manufacturer £79k; US healthcare system $1.7m)
- Rates analysis: Chart.js rate index 2015–2026 (large enterprise vs mid-market), 8 market phase table, sector ROL grid (8 sectors), stacked bar combined ratio chart, ROE scenarios (Bull 22.4%, Base 9.8%, Bear −18.5%)
- Risk mitigation: 9 security control tier cards, MFA type breakdown (FIDO2/TOTP/Push/SMS/Passkeys), backup 3-2-1 diagram with assessment table, 7-stage IR lifecycle, security scoring summary matrix
- Global programmes: 6 jurisdiction profiles (USA, UK, EU, Australia, Singapore, UAE), regulations table (GDPR/HIPAA/CCPA/NIS2/DORA/SEC), LMA 5564/5565 systemic war exclusion analysis, aggregation vectors table, ILS/parametric structures, global manufacturer case study
- Updated hub-index.json: cyber status "complete"
- Updated build-tracker.html: cyber complete; next hub TBD

## v1.5 — April 2026
**Session: 10 April 2026**
- Downstream / Onshore Energy hub complete (Lloyd's codes EA, EB, EF, PG)
- 7 modules built: index, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program
- Loss database: 35 incidents 1989–2024 — Texas City ($1.5bn), Buncefield (£900m), Katrina/Rita energy ($10bn), Amuay ($1.5bn), Harvey ($7–9bn), PES Philadelphia ($500m), Abqaiq drone attack, Freeport LNG ($400m), Colonial Pipeline, Winter Storm Uri, Nord Stream sabotage
- History: 6 eras from early petroleum fire insurance (1880s) through Flixborough, Bhopal, Texas City to energy transition bifurcation 2020s
- Underwriting: EA/EB/EF/PG coverage structures, 10 rating factor cards, ALOR/MPL methodology, two worked examples (UK refinery £2,538k total; US LNG terminal $6,624k total)
- Rates analysis: Chart.js 3-dataset pricing cycle 2000–2026 (EA orange, EB navy dashed); 9-phase market cycle; adequacy bar chart; ROE scenarios (Bull 19.4%, Base 8.1%, Bear −21.6%)
- Risk mitigation: PSM hierarchy, Baker Panel, HTHA warning (Tesoro Anacortes), NFPA/API/COMAH standards table, pipeline ILI/cyber controls, post-Harvey Nat-CAT resilience, risk quality scoring table
- Global programmes: 6 jurisdiction profiles (USA, UK, Germany/Netherlands, Middle East, India, LatAm), 4-layer limit tower diagram, fronting requirements table, captive/ILS/parametric structures; Shell SIL programme case study
- Updated hub-index.json: downstream-energy status "complete"; URL corrected to downstream-energy/index.html; keywords expanded
- Updated build-tracker.html: downstream-energy set to complete; next hub: Cyber (CY/CZ/CG/CH)

## v1.4 — April 2026
**Session: 10 April 2026**
- Renewable Energy – Onshore hub complete (Lloyd's codes R2, R4)
- 7 modules built: index, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program
- Loss database: 30 incidents 1981–2025 covering wind, solar, BESS, and biomass — incl. Vestas V90 serial (£220m+), Texas hail crisis 2019, APS Arizona BESS explosion, LG Energy Solution recall, Victorian Big Battery, Moss Landing catastrophe ($700m+)
- Underwriting: R2 and R4 coverage tables, technology-specific rating factors (wind/solar/BESS/biomass), ALOR methodology, BESS post-Moss Landing requirements, worked examples: 200MW wind (£402k total) and 300MW solar + BESS Texas construction (£1,474k total)
- Rates analysis: Chart.js 3-dataset line chart (wind green, solar gold dashed, BESS orange dotted, 2010–2026), rate adequacy bars, ROE scenarios (Bull 17.8%, Base 7.2%, Bear −18.4%)
- Risk mitigation: IEC/NFPA technical standards table, wind lightning & blade programme, solar hail mitigation (dual-glass), BESS thermal runaway checklist (post-Moss Landing), biomass fire prevention, wildfire defensibility
- Global programmes: 6 jurisdiction profiles (UK, US, Germany, Australia, India, LatAm), IRA mechanism deep-dive, BESS accumulation management controls, captive/ILS structures
- Full QA pass: all 22 checks passed — no issues found
- Updated hub-index.json: renewable-energy-onshore status set to "complete"
- Updated build-tracker.html: renewable-energy-onshore complete; downstream/onshore energy set to "next"

## v1.3 — April 2026
**Session: 10 April 2026**
- Renewable Energy – Offshore hub complete (Lloyd's codes R1, R3)
- 7 modules built: index, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program
- Loss database: 30 incidents 2001–2024 including Siemens Gamesa SG 8.0-167 serial defect (£400m+)
- Underwriting methodology: R1 and R3 coverage tables, serial defect warning, ALOR formula, two worked examples (R1 £3,757k; R3 £17,720k)
- Rates analysis: Chart.js pricing cycle 2010–2026 (R1 green, R3 blue dashed), correct Chart.js v4 callbacks applied; ROE scenarios (Bull 16.2%, Base 6.4%, Bear −22.6%)
- Risk mitigation: 7-standard certifications table, LEE blade management (4 cards), cable and substation risk cards, MWS checklist
- Global programmes: 6 jurisdiction profiles (UK, Germany, Netherlands, US, Taiwan, Australia), serial defect aggregation deep-dive, Jones Act implications, R3 programme sections table, captive/ART structures
- QA tool built: `qa-checklist.html` — interactive 5-section QA checklist with Chart.js v4 known-bug callout, severity ratings, localStorage persistence
- Full QA pass performed on all 8 hub files — no critical issues found
- Updated `hub-index.json`: renewable-energy-offshore status set to "complete"
- Updated `build-tracker.html`: renewable-energy-offshore marked complete

## v1.2 — April 2026
**Session: 9 April 2026**
- Upstream / Offshore Energy hub complete (Lloyd's codes EC, EM, EN, EG, EH, EY, EZ)
- 7 modules built: index, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program
- Loss database: 35 incidents 1977–2024 with filter/sort functionality
- Underwriting methodology: 4-section coverage table, factor cards, worked FPSO example ($9.13m total premium)
- Rates analysis: Chart.js pricing cycle 2000–2026, 7-phase market cycle, 3-scenario ROE (Bull 18.4%, Base 6.8%, Bear −14.8%)
- Risk mitigation: SMS maturity framework, well barrier philosophy, BOP standards, Piper Alpha and Macondo lessons
- Global programmes: key basin profiles (7 basins), fronting requirements, limit tower diagram, captive structures
- Updated `hub-index.json`: energy-offshore status set to "complete"
- Updated `build-tracker.html`: energy-offshore marked complete

## v1.1 — April 2026
**Session: 9 April 2026**
- Project renamed from Product Recall Hub to **Risk Code Hub**
- Created unified Risk Code Hub site structure at `/risk-code-hub/`
- Built AI search landing page (`index.html`) with Fuse.js natural-language search
- Created `hub-index.json` — master search index with all ~45 class hubs, keywords, and risk codes
- Created project plan document: `risk-code-hub-project-plan-v1.0-apr2026.docx`
- Defined ~60 class groupings covering all 195 active Lloyd's risk codes
- Identified 6 admin/non-insurance codes for exclusion: LJ, BD, TC, TD, ST, SA
- Excluded 12 terrorism sub-classification codes: 1T–8T, 1E–4E
- Set build priority: Energy (Offshore, Renewables, Onshore) → Cyber → D&O → Property → Casualty
- Architecture: static HTML site targeting GitHub Pages hosting

## v1.0 — March 2026
**Session: March 2026**
- Product Recall hub created (7 modules: index, history, timeline, database, underwriting, rates-analysis, risk-mitigation, global-program)
- Hub covers food & beverage product recall insurance (Lloyd's risk code: PB)
- Searchable/sortable database of ~35 global recall events
- Full underwriting methodology, rates/ROE analysis and global programme structuring

---
*Version numbering: v[major].[minor] where major increments on structural changes, minor on each new hub added.*
*Next version: v1.2 when Energy Offshore hub is complete.*